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01-Dc-Generator Winding Very Good
01-Dc-Generator Winding Very Good
Generator Principle
An electrical generator is a machine, which converts mechanical
energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).
The energy conversion in a generator from mechanical energy to
electrical energy is based on the principle of the production of
dynamically induced electromotive force (e.m.f).
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f
is produced in it according to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction.
This e.m.f causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
Hence, two basic essential parts of an electrical generator are:
(a) A magnetic field, and
(b) A conductor or conductors, which can so move as to cut
the flux.
Construction: Simple Loop generator
A single-turn rectangular copper coil
ABCD, as shown in Fig. 24.1a,
rotating about its own axis in a
magnetic field provided by either
permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
The two end of the coil are joined to
slip-rings ‘a’ and ‘b’ which are
insulated from each other and from
the central shaft.
Two collecting brushes (of carbon or copper) press against the slip-
rings.
Their function to collect current induced in the coil and to convey it to
the external load resistance R.
The rotating coil may be called “armature” and the magnets as “field
magnets”.
Working Principle
The coil sides AB and CD now represent by A and
B as shown in Fig.2.9. Imagine the coil to be
rotating in clock-wise direction.
When the coil sides A and B are at position 1, the
plane of the coil is at right angles to line of flux,
the flux linked with the coil is maximum but rate
of change of flux linkages is minimum.
It is so because in this position, the coil sides A
and B do not cut or share the flux, rather the slide
along them i.e. they move parallel to the lines of
flux. Hence there is no induced e.m.f in the coil.
Again, when the current in the coil becomes zero, the segment in
contact with the brush changes, thereby maintaining a unidirectional
current in the external circuit.
This follows from the fact that wire 1 is always connected to the coil
side under the North Pole, while coil 2 is always connected to the coil
side under the South Pole.
Even now the current induced in the coil sides is alternating as before.
It is only due to the rectifying action of the split-rings (also called
commutator) that is becomes unidirectional in the external circuit.
Hence, it should be clearly understood that even the armature of DC
generator, the induced voltage is alternating.
Practical Generator
Fig. 5 shows a cross-section of a
typical commercial DC
generator, simplified for
emphasis of the major portions.
The basic principle underlying
construction and working of an
actual generator which consists
of the following essential parts:
1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke,
2. Pole Coils or Field Coils,
3. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes,
4. Interpole (Commutating Pole) 8. Armature Windings or Conductors,
5. Compensating Winding 9. Commutator,
6. Armature or Rotor Shaft 10. Brushes and Brush Rigging, and
7. Armature Core, 11. Bearing
Magnetic Frame or Yoke
Yokes are made of cast iron or cast steel or rolled steel.
The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose:
1. It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a
protecting cover for the whole machine, and
2. It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
Compensating Winding
Compensating windings are optional.
They are connected in the same manner at the interpole
windings but are located in axial slots of the field shoes.
Armature Shaft
The moving part of the DC generator is called the armature.
The armature consists of a shaft upon which all parts are mounted.
The armature shaft, which imparts rotation to the armature core,
winding, and commutator.
Cutaway view
of a dc
machine.
Multiplex Winding
If there is only one set of closed winding, it is called simplex
winding.
If there are two such windings on the same armature, it is called
duplex winding and so on.
The multiplicity affects a number of parallel paths in the armature.
For a give armature slots and coils, as the multiplicity increases, the
number of parallel paths in the armature increases thereby increasing
the current rating but decreasing the voltage rating.
Lap and Wave Windings
Two types of end connections of windings
are employed, namely, the lap-wound
and wave-wound connections as shown
in Fig. 24.25 and 24.26.
Each winding can be arranged
progressively or retrogressively and
connected in simplex, duplex and
triplex.
The following rules, however, applying to
both types of the winding:
(a) The front pitch and back pitch are each approximately equal to the pole-pitch
i.e. windings should be full pitched.
This results in increased e.m.f. round the coils. For special purposes fractional
pitched windings are deliberately used.
(b) Both pitches should be odd; otherwise it would be difficult to place the coils
properly on the armature.
(c) The number of commutator segments is equal to the number of slots or coils (or
half the number of conductors) because the front ends of the conductors are
joined to the segments in pairs.
(d) The winding must close upon itself.
Uses of Lap and Wave Winding
The number of parallel path of wave winding does not depend on the number of
pole but the number of parallel path of lap winding depends on number of pole.
Each of the two parallel paths of wave winding contains conductor lying under
all the poles whereas in lap winding, each of the parallel paths contains
conductors which lies under one pair of poles.
So, for a given number of poles and armature conductors, the wave winding
gives more e.m.f. than the lap winding. Conversely, for the same e.m.f. lap
winding would require large number of conductors which will result in higher
winding cost and less efficient utilization of space in the armature slots.
Hence, means wave winding is suitable for comparatively low-current but high
voltage generators because it gives smaller parallel paths.
And, lap winding is suitable for comparatively low-voltage but high current
generators because it gives more parallel paths.
In wave winding, equalizing connections are not necessary whereas in a lap
winding they definitely are.
Any inequality of pole fluxes affects two paths equally; hence their induced
e.m.f.s are equal.
In lap-wound armatures, unequal voltages are produced which set up a
circulating current that produces sparking at brushes.