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EM Lecture Slides Pertemuan 3
EM Lecture Slides Pertemuan 3
Lecture 3
Chapter 3
Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law,
and Divergence
ψQ
Q
D r b a (outer sphere)
4 b 2 r
At a distance r, where a ≤ r ≤ b,
Q
D a
4 r 2 r
v dv
D a
vol 4 R 2 R
s s 57.2 106
E aN D aN a N 28.6a N C m 2
2 0 2 2
At P(6,8,–10),
a N = a x D 28.6a x C m 2
Gauss’s Law
The results of Faraday’s experiments with the concentric
spheres could be summed up as an experimental law by stating
that the electric flux passing through any imaginary spherical
surface lying between the two conducting spheres is equal to
the charge enclosed within that imaginary surface.
ψQ
Gauss’s Law
Imagine a distribution of charge, shown as a cloud of point
charges, surrounded by a closed surface of any shape.
Gauss’s Law
ΔS defines an incremental element of area with magnitude of
ΔS and the direction normal to the plane, or tangent to the
surface at the point in question.
At any point P, where DS makes an angle θ with ΔS, then the
flux crossing ΔS is the product of the normal components of DS
and ΔS.
ψ flux crossing S DS cos S DS S
ψ dψ closed DS dS
surface
Gauss’s Law
The resultant integral is a closed surface integral, with dS
always involves the differentials of two coordinates
► The integral is a double integral.
We can formulate the Gauss’s law mathematically as:
ψ DS dS charge enclosed Q
S
Q Qn Q L dL Q S dS Q v dv
S vol
Gauss’s Law
We now take the last form, written in terms of the charge
distribution, to represent the other forms:
D
S
S dS v dv
vol
Q
D 0E D a
4 r 2 r
Gauss’s Law
At the surface, r = a,
Q
DS a
4 a 2 r
dS a 2 sin d d a r
Q 2 Q
D S dS a sin d d a a sin d d
4 a 4
2 r r
ψ D S dS
S
2 Q
sin d d
0 0 4
r a
Q 2
cos 0
4 0
Q
D dS Dz dS z Dz dS z
sides top zL bottom z0
L 2
D d dz
z 0 0
D 2 L
Q
D
2 L
We know that the charge enclosed is ρLL,
L
D
2
L
E
2 0
Qinner cyl 2 aL S ,inner cyl Qouter cyl 2 bL S ,outer cyl Qinner cyl
Qinner cyl Qinner cyl
S ,inner cyl S ,outer cyl
2 aL 2 bL
30 109 30 109
2 (103 )(0.5) 2 (4 103 )(0.5)
9.55 C m 2 2.39 C m 2
S ,inner cyl D
D a E
0
3 (9.55 106 ) 9.55 109
10
8.854 1012
9.55 1079
nC m 2 V m