Kohlberg’s theory of moral

development
Introduction
• Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a comprehensive
framework that outlines the stages through which individuals progress in
their moral reasoning and ethical decision-making. Kohlberg, a psychologist,
expanded upon the earlier work of Jean Piaget and developed his theory by
conducting extensive research using moral dilemmas. His theory consists of
three main levels, each divided into two stages, making a total of six stages
of moral development.
• Kohlberg's theory suggests that individuals progress through these stages in
a sequential manner, with each stage building upon the previous ones. Not
everyone reaches the highest stages of moral development, and progression
through the stages may be influenced by various factors, including culture,
education, and life experiences.
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Age range: Early childhood (before age 9)
• Characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment.
• Decisions are based on fear of authority figures and consequences.
• Egocentric perspective; right actions are those that avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
Age range: Late childhood (Early Adolescence)
• Emergence of self-interest and understanding that different individuals have
different interests.
• Decisions based on reciprocity and mutual benefit.
• Morality is seen as a matter of individual choice rather than adherence to rules.
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
Age range: Typically emerges in adolescence.
• Emphasis on conformity, approval, and maintaining good relationships.
• Decisions are based on meeting societal expectations and approval.
• Developing a sense of "goodness" based on being perceived as nice.
Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
Age Range: Generally occurs in adolescence and adulthood
• Developing an awareness of social roles, rules, and the broader social system.
• Emphasis on obeying laws and fulfilling duties to maintain social order.
• Understanding the importance of social institutions and laws.
Level 3: Postconventional Morality
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Age Range: Typically emerges in adulthood
• Acknowledgment of individual rights and recognition that rules are social contracts.
• Decisions are based on an understanding of the importance of social contracts and
mutual agreements.
• Recognition that societal rules can be changed if they are not just.
Stage 6: Universal Principles
Age Range: Not everyone reaches this stage; may emerge in adulthood
• Moral reasoning is guided by universal ethical principles and a commitment to justice.
• Decisions are based on self-chosen ethical principles, independent of societal laws.
• Individuals at this stage act in accordance with their deeply held ethical beliefs, even if
they conflict with societal norms.