Reading and

Thinking
Strategies
Across Text
Types
Grace Ann Marie Ibo
 Table of Contents
Text as Connected Discourse
Techniques in Selecting and
Organizing Information
Patterns of Development
Properties of a Well Written Text
 Text Vs. Discourse
• Refers to the physical • Emphasizes the communicative intent
manifestation of language, whether and social context of language.
written, spoken, or even signed.
• Goes beyond the surface level, looking
• Focuses on the surface-level at how language functions to create
structure of words, sentences, and
paragraphs. meaning and achieve goals.

• More static and independent of • Analyzes the relationships between

context. ideas, speakers, and listeners.

• More dynamic and dependent on the

situation.
Text as a Connected Discourse
A text is a connected discourse, which means that all
ideas in the text must be related in the sense that they
would express only one main idea, or that the text must
have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize central
idea.
Techniques in
Selecting and
Organizing
Information
 Brainstorming
It is a fantastic technique for generating new ideas and
solving problems. It encourages creative thinking and helps
you explore different possibilities.

INDIVIDUAL BRAINSTORMING: Mind Mapping, Freewriting,

SCAMPER, Role Playing

GROUP BRAINSTORMING: Brain Writing, Round Robin, Gallery Walk

 Mind Mapping
They help visualize ideas, organize information, and
stimulate connections between different concepts.

Mind Map:
• Draw a central topic in the center of the page. Branch out with
related ideas, questions, and solutions around the central topic. Use
colors, images, and symbols to further enhance visualization. This
works well for exploring a broad topic or generating many diverse
ideas.
 Mind Mapping
T-Chart:
• Divide the chart into two columns with a line down the middle.
Label one column "Pros" and the other "Cons". List down
potential advantages and disadvantages of your ideas or solutions
in each column. This is useful for comparing different options and
making informed decisions.
 Mind Mapping
Flowchart:
• Chart the steps involved in a process or solution visually. Use
arrows to show the direction of progress and decision points. This
helps structure your thoughts and identify potential roadblocks or
alternative paths.

Concept map: Similar to a mind map, but with a greater focus on

showing relationships between concepts.
 Mind Mapping
KWL chart: Divide the chart into three sections: What I Know, What I
Want to Learn, and What I Learned. This helps track your progress and
identify areas for further exploration.

Spider map: Similar to a mind map, but with a central image

representing your topic and radiating lines connecting to related ideas.
 Topic Outline
This is a roadmap that helps you organize your thoughts and
structure your writing or presentation. It lays out the main points you
want to cover, and how they connect to each other, in a logical and
hierarchical order.
Key features

Hierarchical structure: It uses Roman numerals (I, II, III), capital letters
(A, B, C), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3), lowercase letters (a, b, c) to show
the different levels of importance within your topic. The most important
points are listed first, followed by progressively less important
supporting details.
 Topic Outline
Key features
Conciseness: Each heading or subheading should be a concise phrase or
sentence that captures the key idea of that section.
Parallelism: Headings and subheadings within the same level should
have a similar grammatical structure for clarity and consistency.
Completeness: A well-constructed outline should cover all the major
points you want to address, without unnecessary digressions or
repetition.
 Sentence Outline
It is a specific type of outline where each point or heading is written
as a complete sentence. This helps to clarify the main idea of each section
and ensures a smooth flow between different parts of your writing.

Key characteristics:

Full sentences: Every entry in the outline is a complete sentence that

summarizes the key idea of that section. This forces you to be concise
and precise while providing a clear roadmap for your writing.
 Sentence Outline
Key characteristics:

Logical flow: The sentences should be arranged in a logical order,

ensuring a smooth transition between ideas and supporting arguments.

Hierarchy: Similar to other outlines, it uses various symbols (Roman

numerals, letters, numbers) to show the hierarchy of importance within
your topic.
 Sentence Outline
Key characteristics:

Specificity: Each sentence should be specific enough to capture the

essence of the point it covers but not so detailed that it includes
supporting details.
 NOTE
Remember, the best technique depends on
your specific needs and preferences.
Experiment and find what works best for
you!
 Let’s try this!
1. Use your preferred technique in
organizing information.
2. The topic will be “The Benefits of
Organizing Information”.
3. After organizing your ideas, write it as a
text or into paragraph.
Writing a
Paragraph
 Paragraph
It is a collection of related sentences with one
central idea. Each sentence shows connection to
other sentences in the paragraph.
 Developing a Paragraph
An effective paragraph shows the unity of the sentences used in
developing the main idea. A paragraph is made up of the topic
sentence which contains the main idea, the supporting details and the
conclusion or the clinching sentence at the end.
 Let’s try this!
Read the paragraph and
identify the topic sentence.
1. Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also
quite different. Both are bodies of water, but oceans are very large
bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh
water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are
what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in
them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet,
whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life. When it is time
for a vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy. I
want to swim in the lake.
2. Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space
solar winds. There are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and
twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a blender. Sunset is the
opposite of sunrise. The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line
of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in prominence
atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully
forgetting the deeds that still must be done. There is a coolness, a
calmness, when the sun does set.
3. Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move
all of the items that do not have a proper place to the center of the
room. Get rid of at least five things that you have not used within
the last year. Take out all of the trash, and place all of the dirty
dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the
items you had placed in the center of the room. 5s is a Japanese
cleaning system. For any remaining items, see if you can squeeze
them in under your bed or stuff them into the back of your closet.
See, that was easy!
You did
great!
 Patterns of
Development
Patterns of development are the different ways writers
organize their ideas and present information in a text. They
help writers to make their writing clear, logical, and
persuasive.
Narration
 Narration
Narration, from the root word narrates,
originated from the Latin word narrare— which
means related or told. It gives a written account of
an event or story, or simply, storytelling. The
sequence of events is told in chronological order.
 Narrative Paragraph
A narrative paragraph simply tells what
happened and establishes facts.It is sharing of
personal experiences that offer lessons and insights.
Narration is the most common type of paragraph
development. It has the following elements:
Elements of a Narrative Paragraph
1. Setting. It is the time and location in which a story takes
place.

2. Characters. The life-giving element of the story.

3. Plot. It is the logical series of events in the story.

The five essential parts of the plot are:
a. Exposition. It is the part of the story where the characters
and the setting are revealed.
Elements of a Narrative Paragraph
b. Rising Action. It is where the events in the story become
complicated and the conflict in the story is exposed.

c. Climax. This is the highest point of interest andthe turning

point of the story.
d. Falling Action. The events and complications begin to
resolve themselves.
Elements of a Narrative Paragraph
e. Denouement. The final resolution of the plot in the
story.

4. Point of View. It is the perspective of the writer in

narrating the story.
a. First person point of view
b. Second person point of view.
c. Third person point of view.
 Let’s try
this!
Read the story “Not Necessary News
From The Beat” and answer the
comprehension questions that follow.
You did
great!
Description
 Description
It gives information of what a person, an object, a
place or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s
senses.
 Types of Description
1. Objective description is a verifiable information based
on facts and evidence.

2. Subjective description information or perspectives

based on feelings, opinions, or emotions.
 Descriptive Paragraph
It a has concrete and specific details, which are carefully
chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.
 Let’s try
this!
Try these activities. Use your
imagination.
 Let’s try
this!
A. Imagine yourself somewhere in the forest. You
cannot find your way to get back home. Write a
short paragraph describing your sensations. You
may use the word bank list to help you express your
sensations.
 Let’s try
this!
B. Then imagine yourself still in the forest. You
continue walking and you get lost along the way
and you really don’t know where to go. You get
tired, so you sit under a tree. Suddenly, a lady
appears in front of you. How would you describe
the lady so that others could imagine her?
You did
great!
Definition
 Definition
Definition explains a concept, term or subject. Its main
purpose is to tell what something is. It consists of three parts:
(1) the term, concept or subject to be defined; (2) the general
class to which it belongs; and (3) the characteristics that
differentiate it from the other members of its class.
 Types of Definition
1. Formal Definition. The definitions provided in dictionaries.

2. Informal Definitions.
a. Operational Definitions give the meaning of an abstract word
for one particular time and place.
b. Synonyms or words that mean the same as another word.
 Types of Definition
c. Denotation is the exact meaning of the word
d. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated
with a word or thing.

4. Definition Paragraph. It is a definition sentence which is

extended into a paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions,
narrations, and other kinds of paragraph development to make
clear the term being defined.
 Let’s try
Try to develop athis!
paragraph by using the
definition method. The topic is
“FAMILY”. Define the term and expand it
by description or giving examples.
You did
great!
Thank You