LECTURE 2

BASIC OPERATION AND COMPONENT OF

COMPUTER SYSTEM

1
INPUTTING DATA IN OTHER
WAYS

2
 DEVICES FOR THE HAND
• Pen based input
– Tablet PCs, PDA
– Pen used to
write data
– Pen used as
a pointer
– Handwriting
recognition
– On screen
keyboard

– This device also

called stylus
• Pen based computers are not used generally to enter
large amounts of text, although they are used
frequently for taking notes, creating short messages
and writing annotations on electronic documents.
• Commonly used for data collections
• Inputting signatures or messages that are stored and
transmitted as a graphic image.
 DEVICES FOR THE HAND

• Touch screens
– Sensors determine
where finger
points
– Sensors create an
X,Y coordinate
– Usually presents a
menu to users
– Found in cramped or
dirty environments
• Automated teller machine or public information
booths. also common in fast food restaurants,
supermarkets, drugstores.
 DEVICES FOR THE HAND

• Game controllers
– Enhances gaming experience.
– Provide custom input to the game
– Modern controllers offer feedback

Two broad categories

– Joystick
– Game pad
 OPTICAL INPUT DEVICES
• Allows the computer to see input
• Bar code readers: is the flatbed model which
commonly found in supermarkets and department
stores. FedEx use handheld bar code readers in the
field to identify packages.
– Converts bar codes to numbers
• UPC code
– Computer find number in a database
– Works by reflecting light
• Amount of reflected light indicates number

3B-8
• The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a barcode
symbology that is widely used in the United States, Canada,
United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and in other
countries for tracking trade items in stores. UPC (technically
refers to UPC-A) consists of 12 numerical digits, that are
uniquely assigned to each trade item.
 OPTICAL INPUT DEVICES

• Image scanners
– Converts printed media into electronic
– Reflects light off of the image
– Sensors read the intensity
– Filters determine color depths
 OPTICAL INPUT DEVICES

• Optical character recognition (OCR)

– Converts scanned text into editable text
– Each letter is scanned
– Letters are compared to known letters
– Best match is entered into document
– Rarely 100% accurate
 AUDIOVISUAL INPUT DEVICES

• Microphones
– Used to record speech
– Speech recognition
• “Understands” human speech
• Allows dictation or control of computer
• Matches spoken sound to known phonemes
• Enters best match into document
 AUDIOVISUAL INPUT DEVICES

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface

– MIDI
– Connects musical instruments to computer
– Digital recording or playback of music
– Musicians can produce professional results
 AUDIOVISUAL INPUT DEVICES

• Digital cameras
– Captures images electronically
– No film is needed
– Image is stored as a JPG file
– Memory cards store the images
– Used in a variety of professions
LOOKING INSIDE THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Computer systems have four parts
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

• Hardware
– Mechanical devices in the computer
– Anything that can be touched
• Software
– Tell the computer what to do
– Also called a program
– Thousands of programs exist
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

• Data
– Pieces of information
– Computer organize and present data
• Users
– People operating the computer
– Most important part
– Tell the computer what to do
BREAK
 INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

• Steps followed to process data

• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage
BASIC COMPONENT OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
 1. INPUT UNIT OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Functions of Input Unit of a Computer System

• Takes in user commands in the form of data.
• Converts data in a digital language format.
• Sends over the data to the processing unit for the next step.
 2. OUTPUT UNIT OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Functions of Output Unit of Computer

• Receives the instructions in machine language to execute a task.
• Coordinates with the processor to get the instruction on time.
• Converts the machine language back into a user-friendly one by completing tasks.
• It is the medium by which users understand that their demands are met by the system.
 3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

• CPU is basically a cabinet that contains (Motherboard, RAM, ROM, HARDDISK etc)
• The processor coordinates with both input and output devices to make things done. It has three
main components –
• a. Memory Unit
• b. Control Unit
• c. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU)
 MEMORY UNIT

Functions of Memory Unit In Computer

• Responsible for storing data coming from input devices.
• Storing the result data coming from output devices.
• Storing all the steps that the system goes through while task execution.

The processor cannot process the data unless the memory unit saves it.
This is where all the information becomes accessible for the user.
It uses bits and bytes to measure data size.
.
 MEMORY UNIT

The memory unit further divides into primary and secondary storage units
• The primary memory is internal and temporary.
• RAM is the primary memory in this case.
• It stores the commands for a short time and is volatile in nature.
• The secondary storage is non-volatile and permanent.
• Not directly accessible. The data needs to transfer to the primary unit and then the processor can
access it.
 CONTROL UNIT

Functions of Control Unit in Computer

• Coordinate information transfer between the memory and I/O devices.
• Converts the instruction into machine language.
• It decodes the instruction and sends it to the correct device.
• Prepare a data sequence making it easier for processing.
• Maintains a flow of data inside the system.
• Transfer the commands/issues to the arithmetic and logic unit.
• Once the result is out, it retrieves the data again and presents it to the user.
 ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL UNIT (ALU)

Functions of ALU in Computer

• Responsible for all calculations and mathematical issues.
• ALU gets the data from the memory in the form of registers(These registers are for a memory
address, data manipulation, and processing).
• Allows the computer to compare data easily.
• Enables the data transfer between primary and secondary memory by decoding it.
• Acts as a decision-maker in case of any trouble.
 MEMORY UNIT

• Memory devices
– Stores data or programs
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Volatile
• Stores current data and programs
• More RAM results in a faster system
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Permanent storage of programs
• Holds the computer boot directions
 STORAGE DEVICES

• The place where all the data on the computer goes is a storage device.
• This allows users to access all the data safely and without any trouble.
• This device is one of the core components of a computer system
 NEED FOR DIFFERENT STORAGE DEVICES IN
COMPUTER
• The requirements for the storage device are changing with time.
• Consumers want more and more space and features with evolution.
• This includes lower cost, faster speed, and larger space.
• Punch card
• Floppy diskette
• Zip disk
• CD
• DVD
• Blu-ray disc
• Flash jump drive
• Hard drive / SSD
• Tape drives
• NAS / Cloud Storage
 TYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGE

1. Primary Storage
• The Central Processing Unit directly accesses this storage.
• It is the main memory and is volatile.
• But at the same time, it is temporary as everything vanishes after the system reboot.
• It has a small size and consists only of internal memory.
• Examples – RAM, cache memory, etc.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGE

2. Secondary Storage
• The CPU doesn’t have direct access to this storage.
• The connection is by input and output channels as it is external to the system.
• It has large storage and is non-volatile.
• It is permanent storage unless removed by an external force.
• This has both internal and external memory.
• Examples – USB drives, floppy disks, etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

Basis Primary Storage Device Secondary Storage Device

Size Smaller Larger

Data Storage Temporary Permanent

Location Internal Internal / External

Examples RAM, Cache Memory Hard disk, Compact Disk Drive

 TYPES OF COMPUTER STORAGE

3. Tertiary Memory
• Mostly not a part of personal computers.
• It has mounting and unmounting of mass storage data.
• It has inbuilt robotic functions.
• Doesn’t need human intervention and has automatic functioni
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

• t is the primary memory of the computer with a very fast solid-state storage accessible by the
CPU.
• All the open files and programs go to the RAM by default.
• It is volatile and thus removal of power leads to data deletion.
• Its typical application is as the main and direct accessible memory of the computer
 TYPES OF RAM

1. Static RAM
2. Dynamic RAM
3. Synchronous Dynamic RAM
4. Double Data Rate memory
 READ-ONLY MEMORY

• It is a non-volatile memory chip that does not allow any data alteration.
• It is usually to store the start-up routines in the system.
• This is the only application of ROM.
 TYPES OF ROM

1. Programmable Read-Only Memory

2. Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory
3. Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory
 CACHE MEMORY

• Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes

retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient.
• It acts as a temporary storage area that the computer's processor
can retrieve data from easily.
• This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more readily
available to the processor than the computer's main memory
source.
 SPEED OF COMPUTER

• Speed categorizes the power of a computer

• “Speed” is measured by the number of instructions that the computer can execute in one second,
called “Hz” (Hertz)
 DATA IN COMPUTER

• Stored as sequence of 0’s & 1’s, called “bits”

• A group of 8 bits is called a “byte”
• 1,024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)
• 1,024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (MB)
• 1,024 megabyte = 1 gigabyte (GB)
• 1,024 gigabyte = 1 terabyte (TB)
• 1,024 terabyte = 1 petabyte (PB)
 THE END
ANY QUESTION?