MIRRORS

AND LENSES
 MIRROR
Any polished surface that diverts a ray of
light according to the law of reflection.
 Types of images
REAL IMAGE
Real image can be seen on the screen.
It is always inverted
It is formed when ray of light after
reflection, refraction meet at some
point.
It is formed due to actual intersection
of light ray.
VIRTUAL IMAGE
Virtual images appear to be formed in a
position somewhere behind the mirror.
It is always erect.
It is formed when ray of light appear to
meet at a point.
It is formed due to imaginary
intersection of light ray.
 Describing an image
(SALT)
S ize: size of image compared to object.
IMAGES

SMALLER
OBJECT SAME
LARGER
 Describing an image
(SALT)
A ttitude: orientation of image compared to object.

or or

Original Upright Inverted Original Upright Inverted

 Describing an image
(SALT)
L ocation: location of image

Object ?
 Describing an image
(SALT)
T ype: real or virtual image
• real = light actually arrives at the location of the image

(i.e. in front of mirror)

• virtual = light does not arrive at the location of the

image (i.e. behind the mirror)

TYPES OF
MIRROR
PLANE MIRROR
• A flat mirror that is most commonly
used.
• The image we see in this type of
mirror is called virtual image.
 Characteristics of image formed
by a plane mirror:
Image is virtual and erect.
It is of same size as the object.
Image distance = Object distance
from mirror from mirror
It is laterally reversed.
 Image formed by a plane
mirror
• If the reflecting surface of the
mirror is the flat, then we call
this type of mirror as plane
mirrors. Light always has
regular reflection on plane
mirrors.
 CURVED MIRRORS
• a silvering piece of glass which would form part of the

shell of a hollow sphere.

• Silvering on the outside gives a concave or converging

mirror,
• While silvering the glass on the inside gives a convex
mirror or diverging mirror.
CONVEX CONCAVE
 PARTS OF A
SPHERICAL/CURVED
MIRROR
 FOCAL POINT (F)

The point that a reflected beam of light

will approach when the beam of light is
parallel to the principal axis.
FOCAL LENGTH
(f)
The distance between the pole of
the mirror and the focal point of
a mirror.
POLE/VERTEX
It is the center of the reflecting
surface of the spherical mirror.
CENTER OF
CURVATURE
It is the center of the sphere
from which the mirror is
formed.
 RADIUS OF
CURVATURE
The radius of a hollow sphere of which the
spherical mirror forms a part is called the
radius of curvature. It is denoted by R.
 PRINCIPAL
AXIS
The straight line passing through the pole
and the center of curvature of the spherical
mirror.
 APERTURE
The part of a spherical mirror that is
exposed to all the light rays that incident
on it is called the aperture of the spherical
mirror.
CONCAVE
MIRROR
A concave mirror is a curved mirror where
the reflecting surface is on the inner side
of the curved shape. It has a surface that
curves inward, resembling the shape of the
inner surface of a hollow sphere.
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BEYOND
C
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BEYOND
C
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BEYOND
(C)
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE
S: smaller
A: inverted
L: between C & F
T: real
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS AT (F)
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS AT (F)
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE
S: no image
A: no image
L: no image
T: no image
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BETWEEN
(F) AND MIRROR
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BETWEEN
(F) AND MIRROR
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BETWEEN
(F) AND MIRROR
 RAY DIAGRAM OF CONCAVE
MIRROR IF THE OBJECT IS BETWEEN
(F) AND MIRROR
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE
S: larger
A: upright
L: behind mirror
T: virtual
CONVEX
MIRROR
 a mirror in which the
reflective surface bulges
toward the light source.
RAY DIAGRAM OF CONVEX MIRROR
(OBJECT AT ANY LOCATION)
RAY DIAGRAM OF CONVEX MIRROR
(OBJECT AT ANY LOCATION)
RAY DIAGRAM OF CONVEX MIRROR
(OBJECT AT ANY LOCATION)
RAY DIAGRAM OF CONVEX MIRROR
(OBJECT AT ANY LOCATION)
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE

S: smaller
A: upright
L: between F and V
T: virtual
 LENSES
A lens is made of transparent material
such as glass or plastic with a refractive
index larger than that of air.
 Uses of Lenses
Due to the magnifying property, lenses are used in
telescopes and other magnifying devices. They are
employed in cameras for gathering light rays.
 Types of Lens
A convex lens is thicker at the
A concave lens is thinner at the
center than at the edges. Also called
center than at the edges. Also called
converging
diverging
Features of Lenses
 Principal Axis
Imaginary horizontal line that passes
through the lens
 Vertical Axis
Imaginary vertical line that passes
through the lens
 Vertex
Geometric center of the lens
 Focal Point
the location where the parallel rays oflight
from the source meet, or converge.
 Focal Length
the distance from the Focal Point to the Principal
Plane along the Principal Axis.
Center of Curvature
twice the distance of the focal point to the
mirror surface.
Three Special Rays in
Convex Lens
 P-F RAY
A ray of light parallel to the principal axis
and is refracted, passing through the
principal focus, F behind the lens
 F-P RAY
A ray of light passing through the principal
focus in front of the lens, and the refracted
parallel to the principal axis
 V RAY
A ray of light passing through the exact
center of the lens or the vertex that
continues to travel in the same direction
LOST
L-OCATION
O-RIENTATION
S-IZE
T-YPE
 Location
represents the relative location of the
image.
 Orientation
either upright or inverted
 Size
either real or virtual
 Type
either enlarged, reduced or the same size
as the object
Characteristics of Images in a
Convex Lens
Object is beyond 2F’
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE

L- between F and 2F
(behind the mirror)
O- Inverted
S- Reduced
T- Real
At 2F’
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE

L- between 2F
(behind the mirror)
O- Inverted
S- Same size
T- Real
Between 2F’
and F’
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE

L- beyond 2F
(behind the mirror)
O- Inverted
S- Enlarged
T- Real
At F’
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE

No image formed
 Between F
and the mirror
DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE

L- between 2F and F (in front

of the mirror)
O- Upright
S- Enlarged
T- Virtual
Characteristics of Images in a
Concave Lens
• Causes light rays to diverge.
• Always VIRTUAL, UPRIGHT, REDUCED.
• The image is found on the same side of the lens as
the object.
FINDING THE LOCATION OF THE IMAGE
 Sample Problem #1
A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of
45.7 cm from a double concave lens having a focal
length of 15.2 cm. Determine the image distance
and the image size.
 Sample Problem #2
A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of
8.30 cm from a double convex lens having a focal
length of 15.2 cm. Determine the image distance
and the image size.
Study on Mirror and Lens in
connection in Psychology
Effects of Self-Esteem on Self-
Viewing: An Eye-Tracking
Investigation on Mirror Gazing
It is true that some people find enjoyment in admiring their reflections. However, some
people feel emotional distress. Despite these unique differences on how people regard
themselves in the mirror, research on this subject has not been done yet. The current eye-
tracking study investigated the relationship between gaze behavior (gaze duration, fixation
count) during free mirror gazing of one's face and personality factors (self-esteem,
narcissistic predisposition, self-disgust). For 90 seconds apiece, sixty-eight adults (mean age
= 23.5 years; 39 females, 29 males) looked in the mirror and watched a video of an
unidentified person whose gender and age were matched. Higher self-esteem was linked to
shorter gaze durations for both self-face and other-face, according to the performed
regression analysis. This result could signify a less critical assessment of the faces.
In conclusion, the length of the gaze was linked to self-esteem. The
faces were seen longer and possibly more critical by people with
lower self-esteem. In addition, males were looking at faces longer
than females. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of
the mirror viewing behavior that will be needed for future
improvement and assessment of treatment with mirrors.
THANK YOU
GROUP F