THE RESTORATION

(1660-1776)
 THE LAST STUARTS
Charles II
The restoration was welcomed by
british people, the first concern of
king Charles II was to reassert the
predominance of the Church of
England.
He also dissolved parliament, his
early years were marked by Great
Plague (1665)
James II
James II was a fervent chatolic
and absolutist monarch.
He claimed the divine right of
king to decide without consulting
parliament
 THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
William III and Mary
They were invited to reign instead of
James II and were crowned king and
queen in 1689.
BILL OF RIGHTS: joint rule of
Crown and Parliament
TOLERATION ACT: freedom of
religion
ACT OF SETTELMENT: only
Protestan could became monarchs
Anne (1702-14)
Was the rules of Great Britain
after the ACT OF UNION
that unifies England and
Scotland
TREATY OF UTRECHT
signed with France at the end Grat Britain got it:
of the War of Spanish 1)Acadia and Hudson bay
Succession 2)To send a ship every
year to trade South-
America
3)Protecting and incrasing
commercial interests aboard
 THE HANNOVERIANS

George I George II George III

German-speaking, did Quashed the Jacobite Lost the American
not know the country rebellion, the last Scottish
attempt at the
colonies in the War of
every well; a Prime American
indipendence
Mister was appointed Seven Years’ War ended Indipendence.
to rule with him: with TREATY OF PARIS. Discovery of Australia
beginning of This mark the beginning and New Zeland by
parliamentary of the British Empire James Cook
monarchy

LONDON AND
THE COURT
Reopening the theatres
Rebuilding of London after
the Great Fire (1666).
London became the cultural
and political centre of the
country.
The age of science:
foundation of the Royal
Society
THE
AUGUSTAN
AGE
The british considered
themselves the true heirs of
the Roman Empire
Neoclassicism as both artistic
theory and way of life
Strong belief in reason and
order- rationalism and deism
challenge established religion
THE RISE OF
THE MIDDLE
CLASS
Upper-class women enter the
literary world by organizing
salons
Gained political influence in
Parliament
Merged with the aristocracy
through marriage
Was more represented in
literature and the arts
Promoted clubs and coffehouses
 THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
A NEW GENRE
Realistic characters and
situations taking place in a
realistic time and place
Chronological sequence of
events
Factual language. Popular with
the middle class as it portrays
ordinary experiences in a
realistic way
TYPES OF NOVEL
UTOPIAN novels: fantastic
travels in ‘real’ geographical
settings
EPISTOLARY novels: stories told
through letters
PICARESQUE novels: on the road
adventures (ex. Don Quixote)
SENTIMENTAL novels: aimed at
provoking strong emotional
reactions
 DANIEL DEFOE

• Daniel Defoe was born in • He wrote almost exclusively

1660 in London into a in prose In 1704 he founded
Puritan family. he could The Review, a periodical.
be described as a part- Defoe died in London in
time writer, part-time 1731, alone and full of debt.
businessman. He kept
changing jobs and
dreaming up projects
that, he thought, would
make him a rich and • Defoe suddenly became a novelist with Robinson
respected gentleman. Crusoe, the story of a shipwrecked sailor who for 28
years manages to survive alone on a desert island. The
book was an immediate success,The rest of Defoe's
fiction also had an influence on the development of the
genre.
ROBINSON CRUSOE
Robinson Crusoe is Defoe's
first novel. its popularity has
also crossed over successfullv
to other media. Defoe was
using a popular theme. In fact,
he was probably drawing
inspiration from a real event: in
1704 a Scottish sailor, four
hundred miles off the Chilean
coast, by a British ship. He was
only rescued four years later,
and his story immediately hit
the news. Robinson Cruse is
considered to be the first
modern novel. The story is told
by a first-person narrator and is
TIME AND SPACE
The places that Robinson
Crusoe visits in England
and in faraway countries are
not generic but carefully
described and set within
their geographical context.
Time is accounted for in the
most precise manner.
Robinson Crusoe is in many
ways the celebration of the
English mercantile spirit.
Robinson is the archetypal
colonist. He has a Puritan's
firm conviction that he has
God on his side.
 THE STORY OF ROBINSON CRUSOE

Robinson Crusoe decide to go to sea despite

his father’s opposition. For several years he
is both a sailor and a merchant. During one
of his voyages he is shipwrecked on a desert
island. He is the only survivor. Some other
things saved from the ship are foundamental
to Robinson (like Bible, paper, pen). During
an exploration trip, Robinson comes across a
group of natives who are about to kill one of
their number. Using his gun, Robinson
rescues the prisoner. He decides to call him
Friday, the two live together on the island.
One day a Britis ship taken over by a group
of mutineers. After 28 year on the island and
35 years away from England, Robinson
finally returnes home