Research department

Related literature and studies

(Guidelines in Citing Related Literature and Studies)
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
A. Characteristics of the materials cited:
1. The materials must be as recent as possible
 This is important because of the rapid social, political,
scientific and technological changes
 Discoveries in historical and archaeological research have
also changed some historical facts
 Researches in medical, education and psychology are also
making great strides
 Findings fifteen years ago may have little value today unless
the study is comparative inquiry about the past and the
present
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
 It is advisable to have references for the last five (5)
years, except if there is no other materials that can be
sourced out for the intended topic
2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as
possible
 Some materials are extremely one sided, either politically
or religiously biased. They should be avoided.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study
 Only materials that have some similarity to or bearing on
the problem researched on should be cited
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
4. Materials must not be too few nor too many
 They must be sufficient enough to give the researcher
insight into his problem or to indicate the nature of the
present investigation
 The number may depend upon the availability of materials
 This is especially a problem with pioneering studies
 Naturally, there are few related materials or even none at all
 Ordinarily, from 15 to 25 may do for a graduate research
paper, depending upon their availability and depth and
length of discussions
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
B. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
 The literature should be cited within the text of your
paper and in a literature cited section at the end of the
paper.
 You should NOT cite a paper by including the title of the
article within the text of your paper.
 You can cite within the text using the citation-sequence
system or the citation-name system.
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
1. Citation-name system
 At the beginning of the sentence you would use:
a. Ramirez (2019) studied the effects of …..
b. Smith and Jones (2019) studied the effects of ….
c. Folkman, et al. (2019) studied the effects of ….
 At the end of a sentence you would use:
a. … found the first drug to be most effective (Smith, 2009)
b. ….found the first drug to be most effective (Smith and Jones, 2009)
c. ….found the first drug to be most effective (Folkman, et al., 2005).
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
2. Citation-Sequence system
 References are given numbers as they are cited in the text.
 The numbers are assigned by the order in which the references are cited
For example, if an article by Einstein was the first work cited in your paper, it
would be assigned the number 1.
Einstein provides a lengthy description of this phenomenon 1.
 The next time the same paper by Einstein is cited in the text, regardless of
where in the paper that citation occurs, the number 1 would be used again.
Example:
The discussion of this phenomenon still influences scientists today 1.
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
Ways of citing related literature and studies:
1. By author or writer.
 In this method the ideas, facts or principles although
they have the same meaning, are discussed separately
and cited with in-text citation
Example:
According to Enriquez (2020) praise help much in
learning among students
Manlaque (2019) found out that praise is an important
factor in learning
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
2. By topic
 In this case, if different authors or writers have the
same opinion about the same topic, the topic is
discussed and cited under the names of the authors and
writers
 This is to avoid separate and long discussions of the
same topic
Example:
It has been found out that praise is an important aid
in learning of children. (Enriquez, 2019 & Manlaque, 2020)
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
3. Chronological
 Related materials may also be cited chronologically,
that is according to the year they were written.
 Materials which were written earlier should be cited
first before those which were written later
C. What to cite
 It should be emphasized that only the major findings,
ideas, generalizations, principles or conclusions are
summarized, paraphrased, or synthesized
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
D. Quoting a material
 A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so
perfectly stated or it is controversial and it is not too long
 It is written single spaced with wider margins at the left and
right sides of the paper but without any quotation marks
Example:
Suppose the following is a quotation: Said Enriquez
guidelines in citing related
literature and studies
Praise in an important factor in
children’s learning. It encourages the
to study their lessons harder. Praise,
however, should be given very appropriately
Justification of the study
 It should be made clear that there is NO duplication of other
studies.
 The present inquiry may be a replication of another study
 It should be stressed also that in spite of similar studies, the
present study is still necessary to find out if the findings of
studies in other place are also true in the locale of the
present study
 There may also be a need to continue with the present
investigation to affirm or negate the findings of other
inquiries about the same research problem or topic so that
generalizations may be formulated
Justification of the study
 These generalizations and principles would be the
contributions of the present investigation together
with other studies to the fund of knowledge
 This is one of the more important purposes of
research; the contribution that it can give to the
fund of knowledge
REFERENCE LIST
Reference list - is a list of the publication information for the
sources cited in the research paper
 It is intended to give the readers all the information they
need to find those sources
 In other publication styles, this list may be called a
bibliography or a works cited page, but APA uses the
term reference list.
 A Reference List is an indication of all of the sources that
were used to write your research paper
 This includes anything that was summarized, paraphrased, or
quoted and included in the research paper
REFERENCE LIST
Things to keep in mind about reference lists:
1. Only list sources you cite in your text. Do not include sources you
read but did not cite
2. Double-space your list and use a hanging indent for each reference
3. Organize your references alphabetically by the author's last name
4. Include a reference list in every paper in which you cite outside
material
5. Do not bold the title of the list.
REFERENCE LIST
6. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the
alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
7. A reference list is generally placed at the end of a work.
8. For borrowed idea included in the paper, there is a need to
make a reference to the source of the idea in the reference list
 A bibliography is different from a reference list as it
lists all the sources used during your research and
background reading, not just the ones you refer to
in your writing.
reference list

Main purpose of reference list

 A reference list lists only the sources referred to in the write-up.
 The purpose of the reference list is to allow sources to be found by the
reader.
 It also gives credit to authors who have been consulted for their ideas
Rules of reference list
 The list of references must be on a new page at the end of the text.
 The word References should be centered at the top of the page.
 Do not underline, bold, enlarge or use quotes for the word References.
 The reference list must include all references cited in the text of your paper.
APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide
Everything must match
 Remember, you have to cite every piece of information that
came from another source, whether or not it is in your own
words.
 Everything cited in the text must appear in the reference
list, and everything in your reference list must be
something you have referred to in text.
 Make sure you do not have anything in one place that is not
in the other.
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
Layout of page
 The reference list starts on a new page, after your assignment and
before any appendices.
 Place the word "References", centered, in bold, at the top of the page.
 APA does not require other formatting for the title of the reference
page (like underlining).
 Each entry in the reference list has a hanging indent, so that the first
line of the entry is flush with the left margin, but all other lines are
indented (this is the opposite of the paragraph structure in the body
of your essay).
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
Order of references:
 For APA the reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of
authors' surnames.
 Arrange by first author's name, then by second author if you have
the same first author, etc. (check the page on Authors for how to
lay out the reference if you have more than one author).
 If a reference has no author, list it alphabetically according to the
title.
 Ignore the words 'A', 'An' and 'The' at the beginning of a corporate
author or title for deciding where it fits alphabetically.
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
 If there are two references by the same author, list them in
order of publication date with the older one first.
For example:
Bloggs JS…. (n. d.)
Bloggs JS…. (2016)
Bloggs JS…. (2018)
Bloggs JS …. (2018a)
Bloggs JS …. (2018b September)
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
 A year without a date is considered to be “older” than a year with
a date ( nothing comes before something)
 So 2018 go before 2018, September and a month without a day
will go before a month with a day, so 2018, September will go
before 2018, September 12.
 If references by the same author have been published in
the same year, list them alphabetically by title. Letters 'a', 'b',
etc. are placed after the year, e.g. (2019a), (2019b).
 If you have a full date, only use the title to order the references if
the date is identical.
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
 Please note that the year only is required in-text, so you will need to
follow the advice below whenever you have multiple citations in the same
year
 Always use 'a', 'b', etc after the year, if more than one work has been
published by the same author in the same year, as this is used in the in-
text referencing, e.g. (2019a, April 12), (2019b, March 23
For example:
 Queensland Health. (2017a, April 9). Managing your asthma symptoms.
https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-alerts/news/managing-asthma-symptoms
 Queensland Health. (2017b, August 23). Five things you might not know about
asthma.
https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-alerts/news/5-things-you-might-not-know-
Apa Reference list (examples)

 APA format for a book

Barnet, S., Bellanca, P., & Stubbs, M. (2023). A short guide to college
writing. Pearson Education
Drew, S., & Bingham, R. (2010). The guide to learning and study skills: For
higher education and at work. Gower.
 For journal title, only the title of the JOURNAL and the
VOLUME NUMBER are italicized. Also note that the journal
title is in “little case” (that is the fist letter is capitalized)
39
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in
engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends
on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.
Caron, T. (2008). Teaching writing as a con-artist: When is a writing
problem not? College Teaching, 56(3), 137-139.
https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.56.3.137-7
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
Turner, K., Krenus, B., Ireland, L., & Pointon, L. (2011).
Essential academic skills. Oxford University Press.
 Give the name of the publisher for books, reports,
brochures - but not for periodicals (that is..
journals, magazines and newspaper
APA (6th Edition) Referencing Guide
Löfström, E. (2011). "Does plagiarism mean anything?
LOL.” Students’ conceptions of writing and
citing. Journal of Academic Ethics, 9(4), 257-275.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-011-9145-0
 This academic journal has DOI (digital object identifier). This
unique strings of letters and numbers provide a persistent link on
content online
 The DOI itself is the combination of numbers and letters
following the https://doi.org/
 The APA referencing style wants to use DOI for resources like
online journal articles, if you can find.
