STRUCTURE

OF
ATOM
CLASS XI
 ,

SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES

Fundamental Absolute Relative
particles charge charge Absolute mass/ kg Relative mass
Electron
1
(J.J Thomson) -1.6 x 10 C
-19
-1 9.1 x 10 -31 0
1837

Proton
(Goldstein) 1.6 x 10-19 C 1 1.6 x 10-27 1

Neutrons
(James Chadwick) 0 0 1.6 x 10-27 1

.
Mass Number (A) = mass of proton + mass of neutron
Atomic number (Z) = Number of proton or electron
Number of neutrons = A – Z
ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element have same atomic number but different
mass numbers.
1 2 3
Eg: 1 H, H, H
1 1

ISOBARS Atoms of different elements which have same mass number and different
atomic number.
40 40 40
Eg: ❑ 𝐴𝑟 , 𝐾 , 𝐶𝑎
18 19 20
ISOTONES Atoms of different elements having same no. of neutrons are called
isotones.
14 15 16
Eg:
6 C, N , O
7 8
EMR consists of electric and magnetic field oscillatory perpendicular to each other
and also to the direction of propagation of wave.

These radiations travel with a velocity of 3 x 108 m/s.

EMR does not require any material medium for propagation and can move in
vacuum.
 The Wave Nature of Light
• Wavelength, , is the distance between two corresponding points on a wave.
• Amplitude is the size or “height” of a wave.
• Frequency, , is the number of cycles of the wave passing a given point per second,
usually expressed in Hz.
Wave number is the number of waves
per unit length. It is the reciprocal of
wave length.  1
v 


Relation between c, v & λ

c=vλ
Where c is the velocity of light,
 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of

electromagnetic radiations in the increasing order of
wavelength or decreasing order of frequency.
Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation:
Planck’s Quantum Theory
BLACK BODY RADIATION
 PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT

• For every metal there is a minimum frequency (V0) below which no

electrons cannot be ejected from the metal surface. Therefore, the
minimum frequency that the radiation has to possess in order to eject
electrons from the metal surface is called Threshold Frequency.
• The K. E. of the ejected electrons is directly proportional to the frequency.
• The no. of electrons ejected is proportional to the intensity of radiation
falling on the surface of the metal.
When a photon of frequency (v) falls in a metal surface, some of the energy is used
up to eject the electrons from the metal atoms & the remaining energy is given to
the ejected electron in the form of kinetic energy.

The minimum energy required to eject the electron the metal surface is called
photoelectric work function or binding energy (hv 0).

hv = hv0 + K. E.
K. E. = hv – hv0
K. E. = h (v-v0)
 ATOMIC SPECTRA
Emission spectra Absorption spectra

Emission spectrum is obtained when the radiation Absorption spectrum is obtained when the white light
emitted from the source are directly analyzed in the is first passed through the substance and the
spectroscope. transmitted light is analysed in the spectroscope.

In consists of bright coloured lines separated by dark It consists of dark lines in the otherwise continuous
spaces. spectrum.

The dark line in the absorption

spectrum of a substance appears
at the same wavelength as the
bright lines in the emission
spectrum of the substance.
 HYDROGEN SPECTRA

REYDBERGS FORMULA For Lyman series n1 = 1, n2 = 2, 3, 4…..

 1 1  For Balmer series n1 = 2, n2 = 3, 4, 5…..

  R 2  2 
 n1 n2  For Paschen series n1 = 3, n2 = 4, 5, 6…..

For Brackett series n1 = 4, n2 = 5, 6, 7…..

Where, v = wave number
R = Rydberg constant (109,677 cm -1)
For Pfund series n1 = 5, n2 = 6, 7, 8…..
Bohr’s theory helped in calculating energy of an electron in a particular orbit of hydrogen

2 me 2 4 m = mass of electron

En  k 2 2
2 e = charge of electron
h = Planck’s constants
n h k = coulomb’s law constant = 9.00 x 109 J. m/C2

 2.178  10 18 - 13.595 - 1312

En  2
J/atm  2
eV/atm  2
kJ/mole
n n n

Bohr was able to derive expression for the radius of an orbit in hydrogen atom.

n2h2 10
rn   n 2
 0. 529  10 m  n 2
 0.529 A
4 km
2 4
For other single electron species such as He+, Li2+. The energy of the electron in
nth and radius of nth orbit are given by the expression.

 k 2 2 2 me 4 Z 2  2.178  10 18 z 2 Where Z = Atomic Number of the element

En  2 2
 2
J/atom
n h n Z = 2 for He+ and Z = 3 or Li2+

rn  n 2  0.529 A
Z

If Ei & Ef are the energies of lower and higher energy levels respectively, then
energy emitted is given as follows:
Bohr’s model could explain the atomic spectrum of hydrogen

Lyman Series from n = 2, 3, 4, 5 …….…………… to n = 1 No of emission line when an

Balmer Series from n = 3, 4, 5, 6 …….…………… to n = 2 electron jumps from higher
Paschen Series from n = 4, 5, 6, 7 …….…………… to n = 3 level n2 to lower level n1
Brackett Series from n = 5, 6, 7, 8 …….…………… to n = 4
= (n2-n1) (n2-n1+1) /2.
Pfund Series from n = 6, 7, 8, 9 …….…………… to n = 5
Limitations of Bohr’s
model
• Bohr’s atomic model failed to explain the atomic
spectrum of atoms other than the hydrogen atom.
• It failed to explain Stark effect i.e splitting of
spectral lines under the influence of the electric
field.
• It failed to explain Zeeman effect i.e splitting of
spectral lines under the influence of the magnetic
field.
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER- de Broglie relation

 Louis de Broglie (1924) proposed, like light, matter

also possess dual character, i.e., both particle as well
as wave nature.
 The wavelength of the wave associated with a
particle of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ is given
   or
hh h
as mv 
h
 
p or 
mv p

HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

 This principle states that “It is impossible to measure

simultaneously both the position and velocity (or
momentum) of a microscopic particle with absolute
accuracy or certainty. “
h h
Mathematic ally x . p  or x . m v 
4 4
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
 It is based on de Broglie’s hypothesis and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

 The behavior of electron in a hydrogen atom

is described by Schrödinger wave equation.

2 2 2 2
𝛿 𝜓 𝛿 𝜓 𝛿 𝜓 8𝜋 𝑚 (
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 𝐸 −𝑉 )𝛹 =0
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦 h2

Where m = mass of electron

 E = energy of electron
= wave function of electron
In short this equation is written as
HΨ= E Ψ, where H is called Hamiltonian operator.
Ĥ
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
 QUANUM NUMBER CHART
…..
Value of l 0 1 2 3

Designatio …
s p d f
n
 PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
 No two electrons in an atom can have same values for all the four quantum
members.
Or

 An orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.

Note: for nth energy level, the maximum

Number of subshell = n
Number of orbitals = n2
Number of electrons=2n2
ELECTRON CLOUD – ATOMIC ORBITALS

Number of radial nodes = n – 1 – 1

Number of angular nodes = 1
Total number of nodes = n - 1
ENERGIES OF ORBITALS
In H atom & H like species
 Energies of various orbital of the subshells depend only
upon the principal quantum number (n) and independent
of the value of l, all the subshell of a particular energy level
have same energy

In Multi electron Atom

 Energy of various orbitals depends on both principal quantum number n & and azimuthal
quantum number l.
 The different subshell of particular energy level may have different energy. E.g. the three
subshell of n=3, are, 3s, 3p & 3d have different energies.
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF ATOMS
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
Electrons enter orbital of lowest energy 1st and subsequent electrons are filled in order of increasing energies.

Schematic diagram of number sequence of

filling atomic orbitals

The energy of orbital is also determined

by Bohr Bury’s (n+l) rule.
(a) Orbital fill in the order of increasing
value of n+l.
(b)If two orbitals have same value of (n+l)
then, the one with lower value of n
will be filled first.
Hund’s rule of maximum spin multiplicity.
Pairing of electrons will not take place in orbitals of a given subshell (p, d or f) until each
orbital is singly filled with parallel spins.

For e.g Consider the element Nitrogen which has an atomic number 7, may have the following
electronic configuration.

According to Hund’s rule, the first configuration is correct which gives rise to the maximum
spin multiplicity.
 Stability of Half- filled and completely filled orbitals :
Exceptional Electronic Configuration of Cr and Cu.

Actual Configuration Expected configuration

Cr : [Ar] 3d5 4s1 [Ar] 3d4 4s2

Cu : [Ar] 3d10 4s1 [Ar] 3d9 4s2

This is because half filled & full filled electronic configuration has lower energy and
extra stability.

The extra stability of half filled & full filled electronic configuration is due to their
symmetrical arrangement & large exchange energy of stabilization.
THANK YOU