Chapter 2.1 Power Point

2.
1 Properties of Matter >
Chapter 2
Matter and Change
2.1 Properties of Matter
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2.1 Properties of Matter >
PRE ASSESSMENT

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1. The following are examples of physical change

except
a. Melting of ice c. rusting of iron

b. Freezing of water d. dissolving salt in water

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2. A physical change will:
a. Create a new substance.

b. Will have an energy transference
c. Will use oxidation
d. Will change the properties of the substance

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3. Condensation involves a change of state from

____ to ____
a. Liquid to solid c. liquid to gas

b. Solid to liquid d. gas to liquid

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4. When a solid reaches the temperature of its ____, it

can become a liquid.
a. Melting point c. freezing point

b. b. Boiling point d. density

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5. Which of the following correctly describes how
heat behaves?
a . It moves from a warmer region to a colder

region
b. It does not get absorbed or released by
particles of substances
c. It is gained by particles of a substance only
d. It move from a colder region

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2.1 Properties of Matter > CHEMISTRY & YOU
CHEMISTRY YOU
Why are windows made of glass?

In this lesson, you
will learn how
properties can be
used to classify
and identify
matter.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter
Describing Matter
Why do all samples of a substance

have the same intensive properties?

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What you observe when you look at a

particular sample of matter is its properties.
• Is a solid shiny or dull?

• Does a liquid flow quickly or slowly?
• Is a gas odorless, or does it have a smell?

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Properties used to describe matter can be

classified as extensive or intensive
properties.

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Extensive Properties
Recall that matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space.
• The mass of an object is a measure of the
amount of matter the object contains.
– The mass of a
basketball is greater
than the mass of a golf
ball.

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The volume of an object is a measure of
the space occupied by the object.
• The volume of a basketball is greater than the
volume of a golf ball.

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Mass and volume are both examples of
extensive properties.
• An extensive property is a property that
depends on the amount of matter in a
sample.

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Intensive Properties
There are properties to consider when
selecting a basketball besides mass and
volume.
• The outer covering may be made of
leather, rubber, or a synthetic composite.
– Each of these materials has different
properties that make the basketballs
suitable for different playing
situations.
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For example, leather balls are suitable for
indoor play but not outdoor play.
• Leather balls absorb water and dirt more
than rubber balls do.

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Absorbency is an example of an intensive
property.
• An intensive property is a property that
depends on the type of matter in a sample,
not the amount of matter.

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Identifying a Substance
Each object in this figure has a
different chemical
makeup, or
composition.
• The soda can is mainly
aluminum.
• The watering can is
mainly copper.
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Matter that has a uniform and definite
composition is called a substance.
• Aluminum and copper are examples of

substances, which are also referred to as
pure substances.

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Every sample of a given substance

has identical intensive properties
because every sample has the same
composition.

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Aluminum and copper have some properties in
common, but there are differences besides their
distinctive colors.
• Aluminum is highly reflective and is often used in silver
paint.
• Pure copper can scratch the surface of aluminum
because copper is harder than aluminum.
• Copper is a conductor of heat or electric current.
• Copper and aluminum are both malleable, which means
they can be hammered into sheets without breaking.
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Hardness, color, conductivity, and
malleability are examples of physical
properties.
• A physical property is a quality or
condition of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing the
substance’s composition.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > Interpret Data
This table lists physical properties for some substances.

Physical Properties of Some Substances
Substance State Color Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C)
Neon Gas Colorless –249 –246

Oxygen Gas Colorless –218 –183
Chlorine Gas Greenish-yellow –101 –34
Ethanol Liquid Colorless –117 78
Mercury Liquid Silvery-white –39 357
Bromine Liquid Reddish-brown –7 59
Water Liquid Colorless 0 100
Sulfur Solid Yellow 115 445
Sodium chloride Solid White 801 1413
Gold Solid Yellow 1064 2856
Copper Solid Reddish-yellow 1084 2562
• The states of the substances are given at room temperature.
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Physical properties can help chemists
identify substances.
• For example, a colorless substance that
was found to boil at 100˚C and melt at
0˚C would likely be water.
• A colorless substance that boiled at 78˚C
and melted at –117˚C would definitely not
be water. It would likely be ethanol.

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CHEMISTRY YOU
Glass is often used to make windows,

while copper is often used in electrical
wires. What properties of glass make it
a desirable material to use for
windows?

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CHEMISTRY YOU
Glass is often used to make windows,

while copper is often used in electrical
wires. What properties of glass make it
a desirable material to use for
windows?
Glass is transparent, so it can be seen through;
hard, so it stays in place within window frames;
and heat resistant, so it helps prevent the
transfer of heat between outside and inside.

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You want to compile a list of

properties of a substance, but you
don’t have a way to measure mass or
volume. What kinds of properties can
you determine without knowing the
amount of matter in the sample?

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You want to compile a list of

properties of a substance, but you
don’t have a way to measure mass or
volume. What kinds of properties can
you determine without knowing the
amount of matter in the sample?
You can determine the sample’s intensive

properties.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > States of Matter
States of Matter
What are three states of matter?

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Depending on the circumstances, you use

three different words to refer to water—
water, ice, and steam.
• Water, which is a common substance, exists in
three different physical states.
– So can most other substances.

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Three states of matter are solid, liquid,

and gas.

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Solids
A solid is a form of matter that has a definite
shape and volume.
• The shape of a solid doesn’t depend on the
shape of its container.

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Solids
shape and volume.
• The shape of a solid doesn’t depend on the
shape of its container.
• The particles in a
solid are packed
tightly together, often
in an orderly
arrangement.
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Solids
shape and volume.
• As a result, solids are almost incompressible;
that is, it is difficult to squeeze a solid into a
smaller volume.
• In addition, solids expand only slightly when
heated.

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Liquids
The particles in a liquid are in
close contact with one
another, but the arrangement
of particles in a liquid is not
rigid or orderly.

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Liquids
rigid or orderly.
• Because the particles in a
liquid are free to flow, a liquid
takes the shape of the
container in which it is placed.
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Liquids
rigid or orderly.
• However, the volume of the
liquid doesn’t change as its
shape changes.

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Liquids
The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant.
• Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has
an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a
fixed volume.

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Liquids
The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant.
• Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has
an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a
fixed volume.
– Liquids are almost incompressible.
– However, they tend to expand slightly when
heated.

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Gases
• Like a liquid, a gas takes the shape of
its container.
• But, unlike a liquid, a gas can expand to

fill any volume.

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Gases
A gas is a form of matter that
takes both the shape and
volume of its container.

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Gases
• The particles in a gas are usually
much farther apart than the
particles in a liquid.

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Gases
• The particles in a gas are usually
much farther apart than the
particles in a liquid.
• Because of the space between
particles, gases are easily
compressed into a smaller volume.
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Gases
The words vapor and gas are sometimes used
interchangeably. But there is a difference.
• The term gas is used for substances, like
oxygen, that exist in the gaseous state at
room temperature.
• Vapor describes the gaseous state of a
substance that is generally a liquid or solid
at room temperature, as in water vapor.

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A substance is in a state in which it

takes the shape of its container. What
state or states could it be in?

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A substance is in a state in which it

takes the shape of its container. What
state or states could it be in?
The substance could be either a liquid or a gas,

as each takes the shape of its container.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes
Physical Changes
How can physical changes be

classified?

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The melting point of

gallium metal is 30˚C.
The figure at left
shows how the heat
from a person’s hand
can melt a sample of
gallium.

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The shape of the sample changes during

melting as the liquid begins to flow, but
the composition of the sample does not
change.
• Melting is a physical change.
• During a physical change, some properties
of a material change, but the composition of
the material does not change.

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A physical change alters the form of a

substance, but does not change it to
another substance; it changes a
physical property of the substance.
Some examples of physical changes
include tearing a piece of paper,
bending a nail, ice melting into water, or
spinning wool into yarn.
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• Words such as boil, freeze, melt, and

condense are used to describe
physical changes.
• So are words such as break, split,
grind, cut, and crush.
– There is a difference between these
two sets of words. Each set describes
a different type of physical change.

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Physical changes can be classified

as reversible or irreversible.
• Melting is an example of a reversible
physical change.
– If a sample of liquid gallium cools
below its melting point, the liquid
will become solid.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > Melting
Think of a melting ice cube. The energy

to melt comes from the air in the room.
At first, the added thermal energy makes
the water molecules vibrate faster,
which raises their temperature.
Eventually, when the temperature of the
ice reaches zero degrees Celsius, the
water molecules are vibrating so fast
that they break free from their positions
53 in ice crystals.
When this happens, the temperature of

the ice stops increasing.
Instead, the added energy changes the
arrangement of the water molecules
from ice crystals into liquid water.
This is the process you observe as
melting!
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In most pure substances, melting occurs

at a specific temperature, called the
melting point.
The melting point of a substance depends
on how strongly its particles attract one
another.
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All physical changes that involve a

change from one state to another are
reversible.
• Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking

an egg are examples of irreversible
physical changes.

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Water boils and becomes water vapor.

Is this a reversible or irreversible
physical change?

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Water boils and becomes water vapor.

Is this a reversible or irreversible
physical change?
It is a reversible physical change because it

involves a change from one state to another.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > Freezing
Now suppose you put the liquid water

from the melted ice cube into a freezer.
After an hour or so, the water will freeze
back into ice.
Freezing is the change of state from liquid
to solid – just the reverse of melting.
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When you put liquid water into the freezer,

the water loses energy to the cold air in
the freezer.
At first, the water molecules move more
slowly. This means that the
temperature of the water drops.
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When the temperature reaches zero degrees

Celsius, the molecules are moving so slowly
that they form regular patterns. These
patterns are the crystals that form ice.
When water freezes , the temperature stays at
zero degrees until freezing is complete.
The energy loss during freezing changes the
arrangement of the molecules, from liquid
water into ice crystals.
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Changes Between Liquid and
2.1 Properties of Matter > Gas
For other examples of matter changing state,

look up at the sky.
Have you every wondered how clouds form, or
why rain falls from the clouds?
And after a rain shower, why do puddles dry up
in the sunshine?
To answer each of these questions, you need to
look at the ways that water changes between
the liquid and gas states.
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2.1 Properties of Matter > Vaporization
Liquid water changing into water vapor is an

example of vaporization.
Vaporization occurs when a liquid gains enough
energy to become a gas.
There are two main types of vaporization.
When vaporization take place only on the
surface of the liquid, the process is called
evaporation – a puddle drying up.
When vaporization take place inside a liquid as
well as at the surface, the process is called
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2.1 Properties of Matter > Condensation
The opposite of vaporization is called

condensation.
Condensation occurs when a gas loses enough
thermal energy to become a liquid.
Clouds typically form when water vapor in the
atmosphere condenses into liquid droplets.
When the droplets get heavy enough, they
fall to the ground as rain.
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Changes Between Solid and
2.1 Properties of Matter > Gas
If you live where the winters are cold, you may

have noticed that snow seems to disappear
even if the temperature stays well below
freezing.
This happens because of a process called
sublimation.
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2.1 Properties of Matter > Sublimation
Sublimation occurs when the surface particles

of a solid gain enough energy to become a
gas.
Particles do not pass through the liquid state at
all.
The change that dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)
undergoes is an example.
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2.1 Properties of Matter > Deposition
Deposition is the opposite of sublimation

During deposition, a gas changes directly into a
solid; it does not pass through the liquid state.
Deposition occurs when a gas looses a great
deal of energy to become a solid.
An example of this is frost; the water vapor in
the air looses a lot of energy when it comes
into contact with a cold surface and becomes
a solid.
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Changes in States of Matter
Deposit
ion
SOL GA
Sublimat
ID S
ion
sa
Me
Va n en
tio nd
l ti n
n z
Fr ng
i o ri
Co
at po
ee
g
zi
LIQUI
D
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2.1 Properties of Matter > Key Concepts
Every sample of a given substance has

identical intensive properties because
every sample has the same
composition.
Three states of matter are solid, liquid,

and gas.
Physical changes can be classified as

reversible or irreversible.

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2.1 Properties of Matter > Glossary Terms
• mass: a measure of the amount of matter that

an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is
the kilogram
• volume: a measure of the space occupied by
a sample of matter
• extensive property: a property that depends
on the amount of matter in a sample
• intensive property: a property that depends
on the type of matter in a sample, not the
amount of matter
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• substance: matter that has a uniform and

definite composition; either an element or a
compound; also called pure substance
• physical property: a quality or condition of a
substance that can be observed or measured
without changing the substance’s composition
• solid: a form of matter that has a definite
shape and volume
• liquid: a form of matter that flows, has a fixed
volume, and has an indefinite shape

.
• gas: a form of matter that takes the shape

and volume of its container; a gas has no
definite shape or volume
• vapor: describes the gaseous state of a
substance that is generally a liquid or solid at
room temperature
• physical change: a change during which
some properties of a material change, but the
composition of the material does not change

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2.1 Properties of Matter > BIG IDEA
Chemistry as the Central Science

Physical properties, such as melting
point and boiling point, are used to
describe matter.

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Direction: Write the correct word that describes the
phase changes of water shown in each of the pictures
below. (Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation,
Deposition, Freezing or Melting).

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Essay:
Condensation is the change of matter from gas to
liquid. On the other hand, sublimation is a
change from solid to gas.
What happens during condensation and

sublimation? Describe the arrangement of
particles during such transformation.

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EVALUATION

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1. Which part of the water cycle is occurring when
warm, moist air cools and begins forming
clouds?
A. transpiration C. condensation
B. B. evaporation D. precipitation

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2. Which is NOT a way that matter changes phase?
A. Melting C. evaporation
B. B. freezing D. mixing

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3. The drops of water that appear on the outside of a
glass of cold juice on a warm day is an example of?
A. condensation C. sublimation
B. evaporation D. precipitation

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4. Which of the following BEST explain the physical
changes in terms of the arrangement and motion of
atoms and molecules during boiling point?
A. temperature is reached at which vapor pressure of a
liquid equals the external pressure surrounding the
liquids
B. A reverse reaction in which a gas changes directly to
solid without passing through the liquid state
C. substances change from solid to gas without passing
through the liquid state
D. molecules on the surface of a liquid break away and
change into gas
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5. Which of the following BEST explain the physical
changes in terms of the arrangement and motion of
atoms and molecules during boiling point?
A. A reverse reaction in which a gas changes directly to
solid without passing through the liquid state
B. temperature is reached at which vapor pressure of a
liquid equals the external pressure surrounding the
liquids
C. substances change from solid to gas without passing
through the liquid state
D. A reverse process also happens when liquid turns into
a solid. In this process heat is removed from liquid
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END OF 2.1

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2.

1 Properties of Matter >

1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

1. The following are examples of physical change

a. Melting of ice c. rusting of iron

3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2. A physical change will:

a. Create a new substance.

4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

3. Condensation involves a change of state from

a. Liquid to solid c. liquid to gas

5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

4. When a solid reaches the temperature of its ____, it

a. Melting point c. freezing point

6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

a . It moves from a warmer region to a colder

7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Why are windows made of glass?

8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Why do all samples of a substance

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What you observe when you look at a

• Is a solid shiny or dull?

10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Properties used to describe matter can be

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12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

• Aluminum and copper are examples of

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Every sample of a given substance

20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

This table lists physical properties for some substances.

Neon Gas Colorless –249 –246

24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Glass is often used to make windows,

25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Glass is often used to make windows,

26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

You want to compile a list of

27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

You want to compile a list of

You can determine the sample’s intensive

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What are three states of matter?

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Depending on the circumstances, you use

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Three states of matter are solid, liquid,

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39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

• But, unlike a liquid, a gas can expand to

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