PATHFit 2​

Risk Mitigation and

Management
 A
What is the musculoskeletal system?
The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is
the human body system that provides our body with
movement, stability, shape, and support. It is
subdivided into two broad systems which are the
muscular system and skeletal system.

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 How does
it work?

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 1. Your nervous system (brain and nerves) sends a message to
activate your skeletal (voluntary) muscles.
2. Your muscle fibers contract (tense up) in response to the
message.
3. When the muscle activates or bunches up, it pulls on the tendon.
Tendons attach muscles to bones.
4. The tendon pulls the bone, making it move.
5. To relax the muscles, your nervous system sends another
message. It triggers the muscles to relax or deactivate.
6. The relaxed muscle releases tension, moving the bone to a
resting position
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 What are the
parts of the
musculoskeletal
system?

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 Bones:
Bones of all shapes and sizes
support your body, protect
organs and tissues, store
calcium and fat and produce
blood cells. A bone’s hard
outside shell surrounds a spongy
center. Bones provide structure
and form for your body. They
work with other connective
tissues to help you move.

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 Cartilage:
A type of connective tissue,
cartilage cushions bones
inside your joints, along your
spine and in your ribcage. Firm,
rubbery cartilage protects
bones from rubbing against
each other. You also have
cartilage in your nose, ears,
pelvis, and lungs.

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 Joints
Bones come together to
form joints. Some joints
have a large range of
motion, such as the ball-
and-socket shoulder joint.
Other joints, like the knee,
allow bones to move back
and forth but not rotate.

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 Muscles:
Each muscle is made of
thousands of stretchy
fibers. Your muscles
allow you to move, sit
upright and stay still.
Some muscles help you
run, dance and lift. You
use others to write your
name, fasten a button,
talk and swallow.
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 Ligaments:
Made of tough collagen
fibers, ligaments connect
bones and help stabilize
joints. Connect bone to
another bone.

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 Tendons:
Tendons connect
muscles to bones. Made
of fibrous tissue and
collagen, tendons are
tough but not very
stretchy.

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 What conditions and disorders affect the
musculoskeletal system?

Aging Cancer
Arthritis Congenital
Back problems abnormalities
Disease
Injuries

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 Type of Musculoskeletal Injuries

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Contusion

- A muscle injury caused by a

direct hit with or without any
sports equipment. Due to
minor accidents to the skin
such as falling, bumping, being
hit or being kicked. Blood
vessels are broken and
sometimes bleeding may occur.
Stiffness and swelling are
common features.
 Strain
A strain is a twist, pull, or tear of
a muscle or tendon, a cord of
tissue connecting muscle to bone.
Athletes who play contact sports
can get strains, but they can also
happen from repeating the same
motion again and again, as in
tennis or golf.
In case of complete rupture, it is
not possible to move that part or
limb.
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 Sprain
- A ligament injury. Sprains
are stretches or tears of
ligaments, the bands of
connective tissue that join the
end of one bone with another.
Sprains are caused by trauma
such as a fall or blow that
knocks a joint out of position.
Generally occurs at the wrist
joint and ankle joint. Injury,
swelling, inflammation, severe
pain and tenderness are
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common symptoms.
 Abrasion

A major injury occurs due to

friction with certain equipment
or falls over the area where the
bone is very close to the skin.
Layers of the skin rub off due
to friction. Do not bleed but
deep abrasions may.
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 Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae (plural
of “bursa”), small, fluid-filled sacs
that act as cushions between a bone
and other moving parts, such as
muscles, tendons, or skin. Bursitis
can be caused by a one-time event
like a blow or fall. It can also result
from repeating the same motion
many times, like throwing a ball, or
from prolonged pressure, such as
from kneeling on a hard surface or
leaning on the elbows. It usually
affects the shoulders, elbows, hips,
or knees.
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 Dislocation
A joint injury occurs during
a hard blow, a fall, forceful
throwing, lifting, or hitting.
Symptoms are pain,
swelling, bruising, joint
looking noticeably different
or out of place, being unable
to move or use your joint
and feeling of instability or
like the joint is weaker than
usual.
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 Dislocation of Lower Jaw

Occurs when the chin

strikes any other object
forcefully. It may also
occur if the mouth is
opened wide.

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 Dislocation of Shoulder
Joint

Occurs due to a sudden jerk or a

fall on hard surface. The end of
the humerus comes out of the
socket. A strong force such as a
sudden blow to your shoulder
pulls the bones in your shoulder
out of place.
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 Dislocation of Hip Joint

Putting maximum strength

spontaneously may cause
dislocation on the hip. The end
of the femur is displaced from
the socket.

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 Dislocation of Wrist

Putting maximum strength

spontaneously may cause
dislocation on the hip. The end
of the femur is displaced from
the socket.

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 Fracture

a partial or complete break in the

bone. Symptoms are Pain, swelling,
tenderness, inability to move a part
of your body like you usually can,
bruising or discoloration, and a
deformity or bump that’s not usually
on your body.

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 Simple Fracture

Fracture without any wound,

where the bone is broken at one
place. Another term for closed
fracture.

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 Compound Fracture

A fracture in which the skin

and muscles are damaged along
with the fracture. Generally, the
broken bone comes out through
the skin by tearing it. Also
known as open fracture.

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 Comminuted Fracture

A bone is broken into three or

more pieces.

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 Greenstick Fracture

Commonly seen in children

because their bones are very
soft and delicate. Whenever
there is any stress on the bone,
it is bent.

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 Impacted Fracture

The end of a fractured bone

enters into another bone.

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 Injury Risk Factors (Root Causes of MSD)

 Force – examples of force include heavy lifting, pushing/pulling, or excessively

squeezing a hand tool such as a hammer.
 Awkward postures – examples of awkward postures include reaching overhead,
bending to ground level to lift a box, or looking down at a laptop monitor.
 Repetition/Duration – examples include repeating similar motions/actions (e.g.
force, awkward postures, etc.) over the course of a workday. If the duration of these
actions are repeated is increased, the more likely an injury such as an MSD will
occur.
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 Other Factors

Secondary risk factors include Personal risk factors include

 Static Posture  Obesity
 Contact Stress  Smoking
 Cold/heat  Age
 Vibration  Gender
 Noise  Etc.
 Physical Stress
 Emotional Stress

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How can you prevent these injuries?
Warm Up

Stretch

Progress Properly

Cool Down

Listen to your body

Rest and Recover

Follow a healthy Diet

 How about in Sports?

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Sports injuries are divided into two broad categories, acute and chronic
injuries. Acute injuries happen suddenly, such as when a person
falls, receives a blow, or twists a joint, while chronic injuries usually result
from overuse of one area of the body and develop gradually over time.
Examples of acute injuries are sprains and dislocations, while some common
chronic injuries are shin splints and stress fractures.

The cause of an acute sports injury is a force of impact that is greater than the
body part can withstand, while a chronic injury is typically due to repeating
the same motion over and over again. Sometimes, overuse injuries can
degrade tissues and joints and set the stage for an acute injury.
  Create a fitness plan that includes cardiovascular exercise, strength training,
and flexibility. This will help decrease your chance of injury.
 Alternate exercising different muscle groups and exercise every other day.
 Cool down correctly after exercise or sports. It should take 2 times as long
as your warm-ups.
 Stay hydrated. Drink water to prevent dehydration, heat exhaustion, and
heat stroke.
 Stretching exercises can improve the ability of muscles to contract and
perform. This can reduce the risk of injury. Each stretch should start slowly
until you reach a point of muscle tension. Stretching should not be painful.
Aim to hold each stretch for up to 20 seconds.

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  Use the right equipment or gear. Wear shoes that give support and that may
correct certain foot problems that can lead to injury.
 Learn the right methods to play your sport or do strength training
 Rest when tired. Don't exercise when you are tired or in pain.
 Always take your time during strength training. Go through the full range of
motion with each repetition.
 If you do have a sports injury, make sure you get as much rehab
(rehabilitation) as needed before restarting a strenuous activity.

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 “ Pero paano na nga pag injured na,
ano ng gagawin?
”
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 First Aid

Check the ABC

• Airway: If someone’s not breathing, the first thing you need to do
is open their airway.
• Breathing: If you have cleared a person’s airway but they’re still not
breathing, provide rescue breathing.
• Circulation: As you are doing rescue breathing, perform chest
compressions to keep the person’s blood circulating. If the person is not
responsive, check their pulse. If their heart has stopped, provide chest
compressions.
 Simpler version of ABC
• Awake? If the person is not awake, try to wake them. If they don’t
wake up, make sure someone is calling 09079338303(red cross), and
move on to the next step.
• Breathing? If a person is not awake and not breathing, start rescue
breathing and chest compressions. Then, move to the next step.
• Continue care: When you call for help, follow instructions from 911 or
continue treatment until an ambulance arrives.
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 First aid for basic injuries
Do the RICE method
Rest the injured limb. Your doctor may recommend not putting any weight on
the injured area for 48 to 72 hours, so you may need to use crutches
Ice the area. Use a cold pack, a slush bath, or a compression sleeve filled
with cold water to help limit swelling after an injury. Try to ice the area as
soon as possible after the injury and continue to ice it for 15 to 20 minutes,
four to eight times a day, for the first 48 hours or until swelling improves.
Compress the area with an elastic wrap or bandage. Compressive wraps or
sleeves made from elastic or neoprene are best.
Elevate the injured limb above your heart whenever possible to help prevent
or limit swelling

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 First Aid for Dislocation

1.Don't delay medical care. Get medical help

immediately.
2.Don't move the joint. Until you receive help,
splint the affected joint into its fixed position.
Don't try to move a dislocated joint or force it
back into place. This can damage the joint and
its surrounding muscles, ligaments, nerves, or
blood vessels.
3.Put ice on the injured joint. This can help
reduce swelling by controlling internal
bleeding and the buildup of fluids in and
around the injured joint.
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 First Aid for Fracture
1.Stop the external bleeding in compound fractures.
2.Use your hands to immobilize and support the fracture in a position as painless as
possible.
3.If an upper limb is fractured, the injured person can use their other hand to support
the injured arm against their body, or the hand can be immobilized using the hem of
a shirt or a triangular bandage, for example.
4.Keep the injured person warm.
5.Ensure that the injured person gets further care. Call 09079338303(red cross), if
necessary.
6.Do not move the injured person unnecessarily. Never try to correct a malposition. If
it is necessary to move the injured person or the professional help takes too long, a
fractured lower limb can be supported using the other leg or a temporary tool, such
as a solid piece of board or a stick. In this case, the support must reach over a
healthy limb on both sides of the fracture.
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“
Business opportunities are like buses.
There's always another one coming.
Richard Branson
”
 Demonstration of basic
bandaging techniques

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Thank you