Preclassic

Nation
Bonifacio, et al.
 INTRODUCTION

Public Management
-systematic administrative effort on
behalf of the interests of the sovereign and
subjects of a state.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Originated in recognizable form in

ancient China.

• Confucius (551-479 BCE) – a government

should “hold the mean”.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• H. G. Creel (1964, 155-6)– makes the

strongest claim for the existence of
Chinese doctrines of administration that
were influential in later times.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Shen Pu-Hai (d. 337 BCE)- described the

way in which a ruler can maintain his
position and cause his state to prosper by
means of administrative technique and
applied psychology.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Chinese influence on the subsequent

history of public administration and
management is proverbial.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Albert Lepawsky (1949,88) – “those scholars

who advocate the recentness of
administration as an art, science, or
systematic technique, have not adequately
analyzed the accounts furnished by the
ancient Greek civilization.”
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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• John Gaus (1936,27) –”from the Roman

republic came the idea…that political
responsibility to the people of the republic
was enjoined upon the administrator.”

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Main legacies of Roman law (Farrel Heady,

2001)
• 1) The head of state receives his powers
from the people;
• 2) The distinction between the private and
public personalities of the head of state;
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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Main legacies of Roman law (Farrel Heady,

2001) (cont…)
• 3) The hierarchical nature of administrative
structures; and
• 4) The division of government into major
constituent parts
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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• “All basic means for effective office works

and record-keeping had become available.”
Gladden (1972a, 238)
• Administration as a specialized
governmental activity.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• There is little evidence of bureaucratic

hierarchy.

• Government’s role was architectonic. S. E.

Finer (1997,1616)

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Papacy in the 11th and 12th centuries

evolved into “the first ‘government’
departments in a modern senses.”
Raadschelders and Rutgers (1996, 72)

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• “A formal, legal bureaucratic structure was

created by the church.” Gaus (1936)

• Emergence of a concept of “public trust” in

numerous Continental towns

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• “Public administration in the West did begin

and confronted the problems that are still
with us.” James Fesler (1982, 15)

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• The problems:
• -Functional differentiation
• -Bureaucratization
• -Contracting out
• -Financial accountability
• -Records keeping
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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• The problems: (cont…)

• -Judicialized administration
• -Field administration

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Today “Government of the people by the

people for the people.”

• Plato (424BC-347BC) did not consider

democracy as the best form of
government.
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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Democracy involves the danger of

excessive freedom.

• Equality brings all kinds of power-seeking

individuals, motivated by personal gain.
• Democracy is highly corruptible.
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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Democracy depends on chance and must

be mixed with competent leadership.

• As statecraft, politics needs expert rulers.

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 PRE-CLASSIC NATION

• Egypt – Thinite Period: Patrimonial

Government

• Administers the state like a family

business

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PRE-CLASSIC NATION

THANK YOU!

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