Lecture 1 OS

Operating System (CS311)
Lecture 1
by
Nazia Shahzadi
nazia.shahzadi@giki.edu.pk
Lecturer (FCSE)
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute,
Topi, KPK, Pakistan
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
Office Hours
• Monday-Friday (8:00 AM – 5:00 PM)

• Office
• New Academic Block (NAB), Second Floor-S03
Reference Books
• Operating System Concepts 9th Edition by Silberschatz,

Galvin and Gagne
• Modern Operating Systems, 3rd Edition by Tanenbaum
• Remzi H. and Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, “Operating
Systems: Three Easy Pieces”
Outline
• What is an Operating System?
• Goals of an Operating System
• Computer System Structure
• Four Components of a Computer System
• What Operating Systems Do
• Types of Operating System
• History of Operating system
• Operating System Definition
• Computer Startup
• Computer System Organization
• Storage-Device Hierarchy
• Caching
Lecture 1
Introduction
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

Objectives
 To describe the basic organization of computer systems
 To provide a grand tour of the major components of operating
systems
 To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
Know any OS names?
There are tons!
Source: https://hackweser.blogspot.com/2018/02/list-of-operating-systems.html
What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware
• OS manages the computer’s hardware
Goals of an Operating System
 Operating system goals:

 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
 The computer system can be divided into four components:

 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
 Word processors, web browsers, video games, etc.
 Users
 People, machines, and other computers The computer
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view
 Users want convenience, ease of use
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as minicomputer must keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but
frequently use shared resources from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in
devices and automobiles
Types of Operating System
• Batch Operating System

• Multi-Programming System
• Multi-Tasking Operating System
• Time-Sharing Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System
History of Operating system
Types of
Generation Year Electronic device used
Hardware Device
First 1945-55 Vacuum Tubes Plug Boards
Second 1955-65 Transistors Batch Systems
Third 1965-80 Integrated Circuits (IC) Multiprogramming
Fourth Since 1980 Large Scale Integration PC
Computer Startup
• Bootstrap program is loaded at power-up.
• Power ON.
• CPU will move to BIOS (Basic Input Output System) into ROM. BIOS
helps the computer to load the OS.
• POST (Power-on Self-Test) where all the hardware devices are tested.
• BIOS will load MBR (Master Boot Record) to RAM.
• MBR will load the bootloader in RAM.
• Bootloader will load OS to RAM.
Computer System Organization
• Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices.
Storage-Device Hierarchy
Caching
• Information in use copied from slower to faster storage
temporarily
• Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if the
information is there
• If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
• If not, data is copied to the cache and used there
Computer-System Architecture
• Most systems use a single general-purpose processor
• Most systems have special-purpose processors as well
• Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

• Also known as parallel systems
• Advantages include:
• Increased throughput
• Economy of scale
• Increased reliability
Assignment for Next Lecture
• You need to write 1 page assignment that could be on any

topic of your interest.
• Some of the topics could be virtualization Techniques,
Security and Protection in modern operating systems,
Authentication in Smart phones, Internet of Things,
Scheduling Algorithms, Smart Cities. Green computing,
embedded operating systems, performance evaluation of
modern operating systems. etc.
End
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

Lecture 1 OS

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Operating System (CS311)

• Monday-Friday (8:00 AM – 5:00 PM)

• Operating System Concepts 9th Edition by Silberschatz,

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

 To describe the basic organization of computer systems

 To provide a grand tour of the major components of operating

 To give an overview of the many types of computing

There are tons!

 Operating system goals:

 The computer system can be divided into four components:

• Batch Operating System

First 1945-55 Vacuum Tubes Plug Boards

Second 1955-65 Transistors Batch Systems

Third 1965-80 Integrated Circuits (IC) Multiprogramming

Fourth Since 1980 Large Scale Integration PC

• Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

• You need to write 1 page assignment that could be on any

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

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