BASIC GEOMETRIC

CONCEPTS
 GEOMETRY
Geometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the
properties and relations of lines , angles , surfaces and solids.
Just as Mathematics deals with numbers, Geometry deals
with figures , points and lines.
 U N D E F I N E D T E R M S I N G E O M E T RY
In geometry, we have so called undefined terms . These terms
has no specific definition but we can describe these terms.
 Line Segment – is a part of a line consisting of two endpoints and
all the points in between.

 The line segment in the figure may be called .

 Its endpoints are A and B.
Ray – is a part of a line with only one endpoint and extending in
only one direction.

 A ray is named with its endpoints first, followed by another point on

the ray.
 The ray shown can be named read as “ray AC” or “ray AB”.
 The only endpoint is “point A”.
• Opposite Rays – are rays with a common endpoint but extending in opposite directions.

The opposite rays shown are named with

“point C” as the common endpoint.

 Segments and rays are parts of lines.

 Opposite rays form a line.
 represents the same line segment.
EXAMPLE 1: Refer to the figure at the right and name all the
segments, rays, and opposite rays.

Solutions:

 The line segments are , , and .

 The rays are , , , , , and .

 The opposite rays are and

Congruent Segments – are two segments having the same
measure or length.
 Congruent is denoted by the symbol “”

In the figure, is read as “line segment AB is congruent to line segment

CD”.
Intersecting Lines – are lines on the same plane having a
common point called the point of intersection.

 In the figure, are intersecting lines with “point I” as the

point of intersection.
 COLLINEAR AND COPLANAR
POINTS
Collinear Points – are points on the same line.

 In the figure, point

 s P, Q, R are collinear points.

 Points X, Y, Z are non-collinear points

because they do not lie on the same line.
 COLLINEAR AND COPLANAR
POINTS
Coplanar Points – are points which lie on the same plane.

 In the figure,
points A, B, C,
D are coplanar
points.
 Points A, B, E, F are non coplanar
points because they do not lie on the
same plane.
 EXAMPLE 2: Refer to the figures below and name the following.

1. In figure (a), name the collinear points and name non collinear points.
2. In figure (b), name three sets of coplanar points and name set of non
coplanar points.
Solutions:
1.The collinear points are and while .
2. The three sets of coplanar , and .
points are
ANGLE
S
An is formed by two noncollinear rays with a common
endpoint.
 The symbol for angle is
 The protractor is used to find the measure of an angle.
 The two rays are called the sides of the angle.
 The common endpoint is called the .
 An angle can be named using a number, its vertex, or
its vertex and two other points, one on each of its
sides.
 In the figure,

 The angle in the figure can be named as angle 1 ,

angle B , angle ABC , or angle CBA
EXAMPLE 1
(a)
Refer to the figure at the right.
1.Name all the angles in figure (a).

Solutions:
 Refer to the figure at the right. (b)
2. In figure (b), write the other
possible names of ∠3.
Identify its vertex and sides.
Solutions:

1.Possible names:
Vertex: O
Sides:
 An angle can be named using its
vertex only if the angle is a single one.
 The sides of an angle are named only
as rays.
 KINDS OF ANGLES

Acute Angle – an angle

which measures less than
90° but greater than 0°.
• In the figure,
∠MON is an acute
angle.
 KINDS OF ANGLES

Right Angle – an angle

which measures equal to
90°.
• In the figure, ∠AOB
is a right angle.
 KINDS OF ANGLES

Obtuse Angle – an
angle which measures
greater than but less
than
• In the figure, is an
obtuse angle.
ANGLE PAIRS
Complementary Angles – two angles whose sum is

25 °+65 °=90 ° 40 °+50 °=90 °

NOTE: In the figure, we can say that the complement of is and vice
versa.
Supplementary Angles – two angles whose sum is

45 °+135 °=180 ° 120 ° +60 ° =180

NOTE: In the figure, we can say that the supplement of is and vice
versa.
 Adjacent Angles – are two angles with a common
vertex, a common side, and no common interior points.

• These are adjacent

angles.
Adjacent Angles – are two angles with a common vertex, a common
side, and no common interior points.

• are not adjacent

angles.
• They do not have
common side and
common vertex.
Adjacent Angles – are two angles with a common vertex, a common
side, and no common interior points.

• ∠1 and ∠2 are
not adjacent
angles.
• They have
common vertex
but they do not
have common
side.
Linear Pair – are two angles which are adjacent and
supplementary.

 These angles are

linear pair.
 They have common
side and the sum of
their angles is
Linear Pair – are two angles which are adjacent and supplementary.

 These angles are

not linear pair.
 They are
supplementary
 but they are not
adjacent.
Linear Pair – are two angles which are adjacent and supplementary.

 These angles are

not linear pair.
 They are adjacent
but they are not
supplementary.
EXAMPLE 3

Refer to the figure at the right.

1. Are ∠1 and ∠2 adjacent angles ?
2. Do ∠1 and ∠3 form a linear
pair ?
3. Do ∠1 and ∠2 form a linear
pair ?
Congruent Angles – are two angles whose measures are
equal.
•In the figure, ∠ABC ≅∠PQR and this is read as “∠ABC is
congruent to ∠PQR”.
•We may also write, m∠ABC=m∠PQR and this is read as
“the measure of ∠ABC is equal to the measure of ∠PQR”.
Vertical Angles – are formed when two straight lines intersect
each other.
• Their sides form two pairs of opposite rays and their angles
are non adjacent.
• In the figure, ∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles and ∠2 and ∠4
are vertical angles.
REMEMBER!

 Not all supplementary angles form a

linear pair.
 All linear pairs are supplementary.
 All pairs of Vertical angles are
congruent.
 EXAMPLE 4 Refer to the figures below, find the values of x, y, and z.

(a)

(b)
(c)