TRANSMISI AGENT

MADYA ARDI WICAKSONO

SASARAN PEMBELAJARAN
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan agen infeksi sebagai
penyebab penyakit
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan model transmisi agen
infeksi
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

THE INFECTIOUS THE TRANSMISSION

AGENT PROCESS

CHAIN OF
INFECTION

THE HOST THE ENVIRONMENT

CHAIN OF INFECTION
• Interactions between components are influenced by the
environment
• Wide range of effect: varying from silent infection – with
no signs or symptoms – to severe illness and death
THE INFECTIOUS AGENT

Virus Bacteria Fungus Parasite

THE INFECTIOUS AGENT is determined by:

• The pathogenicity of the agent: its ability to produce

disease, measured by the ratio of the number of persons
developing clinical illness to the number exposed
• Virulence: a measure of the severity of disease, which can
vary from very low to very high. Once a virus has been
attenuated in a laboratory and is of low virulence, it can
be used for immunization
THE INFECTIOUS AGENT is determined by:

• Infective dose: the amount required to cause infection in

susceptible subjects
• The reservoir of an agent: its natural habitat, which may
include humans, animals and environmental sources.
• The source of infection: the person or object from which
the host acquires the agent.
CARRIERS
• An important source of infection may be a carrier – an
infected person who shows no evidence of clinical disease.
• The duration of the carrier state varies between agents.
• Carriers can be asymptomatic throughout the course of
infection or the carrier state may be limited to a
particular phase of the disease.
TRANSMISSION MODEL

DIRECT
INDIRECT
TRANSMISSION MODEL
• immediate transfer of the
infectious agent from an infected
DIRECT host or reservoir to an
appropriate entry point through
which human infection can take
place
• Vehicle-borne transmission 🡪 contaminated
materials such as food, clothes, bedding and
cooking utensils
INDIRECT • Vector-borne transmission 🡪 the agent is
carried by an insect or animal (the vector) to
a susceptible host; the agent may or may not
multiply in the vector
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

Food-borne Airborne Water-borne

Soil
Vector-borne Parenteral
transmitted
THE HOST
• defined as the person or animal that provides a suitable
place for an infectious agent to grow and multiply under
natural conditions
• The reaction of the host to infection is extremely variable,
being determined by the interaction between host, agent
and mode of transmission.
THE HOST
• The spectrum: no apparent signs or symptoms 🡪 severe
clinical illness
• The incubation period—the time between entry of the
infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or
symptom of the disease—varies from a few hours to years
THE ENVIRONMENT
• The environment plays a critical role in the development
of communicable diseases.
• General sanitation, temperature, air pollution and water
quality are among the factors that influence all stages in
the chain of infection
• Socioeconomic factors – such as population density,
overcrowding and poverty – are of great importance
THE ENVIRONMENT

• Credit: detikcom
REFERENCE
• R. Bonita, R. Beaglehole, T. Kjellström. 2006. Basic
Epidemiology, 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health
Organization.
THANK
YOU