Risk factors associated

with the development of sarcopenia

among a select group of community dwelling
Filipino elderly

Richmond Giovanni S. Chan

Joseph Q. Estipona
Lanze Miguel B. Llorin
Jonathan V. Selfaison
Pleasant Afternoon!
 Risk factors associated
with the development of sarcopenia
among a select group of community dwelling
Filipino elderly

Richmond Giovanni S. Chan

Joseph Q. Estipona
Lanze Miguel B. Llorin
Jonathan V. Selfaison
Sarcopenia
Progressive loss of mass muscle
mass and strength
EWGSOP Sarcopenia

Physical Poor
disability quality Death
of life

Diminished lean body mass

13% of elderly aged 60-70 years
old
are affected

50% for aged 80 years old

and above are affected

H
I
G
H
E
R
Sarcopenia and Nutrition

Inadequate intake
 Malnutritio
n
Development of Sarcopenia
 Purpose
The presence of a blank spot in
the study of sarcopenia in the
Philippines, led to the purpose
of this study.
 Theoretical
Framework
Wear and Tear
Theory
Studied
Collected
Incorporated
 Age
BMI

Sex Sarcopeni
a
Physica
l
Activity
Protein
Intake Figure 1 The Hypothesized
Age Higher age results to a higher risk of sarcopenia.

BM BMI not within normal range results to a higher risk of

I sarcopenia.

Sex Females have a higher risk of Sarcopenia.

Physical
Activity
Low physical activity results to a higher risk of
Sarcopenia.
Protei
n Low protein intake results to a higher risk of
Intake
Sarcopenia.
 4-Part Survey
Questionnaire

Filipino
 Part 1
Robotfoto
Gulang Kasarian Taas Bigat BMI
Kasaysayang Medikal
May Kapansanan

Medikasyon at Iniinom na gamot

Huling Konsulta sa Doktor

 Mga Gawain Nakapag-iisa Hindi nakapag-iisa
Paliligo (1) Ako’y nakaliligo sa tulong lamang (0) Kailangan ko ng tulong kapag

Part 2
ng aking sarili,o kaya’y kailangan ko
Puntos:________________ lamang ng tulong ng iba sa ilang
___ bahagi lamang ng aking katawan
tulad ng likod,maselang bahagi o
bahaging hindi normal.
ako’y naliligo higit pa sa pag-
abot ng ilang bahagi ng aking
katawan,paglabas at pagpasok
sa palikuran.

KATZ Pagbibihis

Puntos:________________
___
(1) Nakakakuha ako ng mga damit mula (0) Kailangan ko ng tulong sa
sa aking cabinet/drawer/damitan at
nakapagbibihis ako ng sa aking
sarili.
pagbibihis.

Instrumental Paggamit ng Palikuran (1) Kaya ko na pumunta sa

palikuran,ayusin ko ang aking mga
(0) Kailangan ko ng tulong upang
makahiga, makaupo at

Activities of
Puntos:________________ damit at linisin ng sarilinan ang makalipat sa ibang lugar tungo
___ maselang bahagi ng aking katawan sa ibang lugar.
na hindi kailangan ang tulong ng iba.

Daily Living
Pagkilos/Paggalaw (1) Kaya ko na kumilos/gumalaw sa (0) Kailangan ko ng tulong upang
aking higaan ng mag-isa.Pantulong makalipat mula sa kama tungo
Puntos:_______________ na mekanikal ay magagamit. sa upuan.

Pag-ihi at Pagdumi (1) Kaya kong umihi at dumumi mag- (0) Hindi ko kayang kontrolin ang
isa. aking pag-ihi at pagdumi.
Puntos:
_________________

Pagkain (1) Kaya kong kumain ng mag-isa.Ang (0) Kailangan ko ng katuwang o

paghahanda ng pagkain ay ginagawa katulong sa tuwing ako’y
Puntos:________________ ng ibang tao. kakain o nangangailangan ko ng
___ prosesong parenteral (pagkain
 Part 3
SARC-F Questionnaire
Komponent Tanong Pagpupuntos Puntos
Lakas Gaano kahirap sa iyo ang pagbuhat at Hindi=0
pagbibitbit ng bagay na may bigat na Minsan = 1
10 libras? Palagi= 2
Katuwang sa paglakad Gaano kahirap sa iyo ang paglalakad sa Hindi=0
loob ng silid? Minsan = 1
Palagi/Kailangan ng tulong= 2
Pagtayo mula sa bangko Gaano kahirap sa iyo ang paglipat mula Hindi=0
sa bangko at kama/higaan? Minsan = 1
Palagi= 2
Pag-akyat sa hagdan Gaano kahirap sa iyo ang pag-akyat sa Hindi=0
10 baitang hagdan? Minsan = 1
Palagi=
Pagtumba Ilang beses na ikaw ay natutumba Hindi=0
nitong nakaraang taon? 1-3 = 1
4 o mahigit pa=2
Kabuuan
 Uri ng Pagkain Dami Oras na Ginugol sa Saan
Pagkain

Part 4

24-hour Food
Recall

3 days
 65 years old
and above
Elderly
No disabilities
Living in a community
setting
Accurate
Precise
WarpPLS version 5
 Age
BMI

Sex Sarcopeni
a
Physica
l
Activity
Protein
Figure 2 Emerging model of factors
Intake affecting the risk for the development of
 Results and Discussion
Table 1
Demographic Profile of Respondents (n=100)
Profile Frequency %
Age
60-69 72 72
70-79 19 19
80+ 9 9
Sex
Male 37 37
Female 63 63
 Positive
effect

Perc
enta
ge
Sarcopenia

Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Landi, F., Schneider, S. M., Zúñiga, C., Arai, H., Boirie, Y., Chen, L. K., Fielding, R. A., Martin, F. C., Michel, J. P., Sieber, C., Stout J. R., Studenski, S. A., Vellas, B., Woo, J., Zamboni,
M., & Cederholm, T. (2014). Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age and
Ageing, 43(6), 748–759.
 Decreased muscle mass
Decreased muscle strength

Females are more

prone to sarcopenia.
Sørensen, M. B., Rosenfalck, A. M., Højgaard, L., & Ottesen, B. (2001). Obesity and sarcopenia after menopause are reversed by sex hormone replacement therapy.
Obes Res, 9(10), 622-6. doi: 10.1038/oby.2001.81
 Results and Discussion
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics of Body Mass Index and Protein Intake
Variable Mean Std. Deviation
BMI (18.5 – 24.9) 22.71 6.66
Protein Intake 42.84 22.29
(Male 71g, Female 62g)
 BMI of 22.71

Zoico, E., Di Francesco, V., Guralnik, J. M., Mazzali, G., Bortolani, A., Guariento, S., Sergi, G., Bosello, O., & Zamboni, M. (2004). Physical disability and muscular
strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28(2), 234-241.
 Age
BMI

Sex Sarcopeni
a
Physica
l
Activity
Protein
Intake
 Mean score of 42.8

71g for male elderly

62g for female elderly

Robinson, S. M., Sayer, A. A., Patel, H. P., Shavlakadze, T., Cooper, C., & Grounds, M. D. (2013). New horizons in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of
sarcopenia. Age and Ageing, 42(2), 145–150.
Malnutrition
Sarcopenia
 Results and Discussion
Table 3
Frequency and valid percent of KATZ Instrumental Activities of
Daily Living and SARC-F
Profile Frequency %
KATZ
0-2 3 3
3-5 3 3
6 94 94
SARC-F
0-3 84 84
4+ 16 16
Rolland, Y., Czerwinski, S., Van Kan, G. A., Morley, J. E., Cesari, M., Onder, G., Woo, J., Baumgartner, R., Pillard, F., Boirie, Y., Chumlea, W.M.C., & Vellas, B.
(2008). Sarcopenia: Its Assessment, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Consequences and Future Perspectives. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 12(7), 433–450.
 Results and Discussion
Table 4
Resulting Model Fit Statistics
Model Goodness of Fit Statistics Covariance Structure p-value
Model Measure/Index
Average Path Coefficient (APC) 0.254* (a) 0.002
Average R-Squared (ARS) 0.633* (a) 0.001
Average block VIF (AVIF) 1.099 (b)
Sympson’s paradox ratio (SPR) 1.000 (c)
R-squared contribution ratio 1.000 (c)
(RSCR) 0.800 (d)
Statistical suppression ratio (SSR) 0.800 (d)
Nonlinear bivariate causality
direction ratio (NLBCDR)
Note:
(a) Significant at 0.05 level
(b) Ideal at ≤ 3.3 values
(c) Acceptable if ≥ 0.7, ideal = 1
(d) Acceptable if ≥ 0.07
 Age
Body Mass
Β = 0.37*
Index Β = 0.10 (P<.01)(b)
(P=0.16)

Β = 0.14
Sex (P=0.07)(a)
Sarcopenia
Β = -0.13
(P=0.09)(a)
Protein
Β = -0.53*
Intake (P<.01)(b) (a) Significant at 0.1
(b) Significant at 0.05
Physical
Activity Figure 2 Emerging model of factors
affecting the risk for the development of
P
H
Y
P
S
R
I
O
C
T
A
E
L
I
N
A
C
I
T
N
I
T
V
A
I
K
T
E
Y
 W
E
A
I
G
G
E
H
T
Sarcopenia is further developed
High quality Validate methods of
research measurement

Authenticate biomarkers
 Age
BMI

Sex Sarcopeni
a
Protein
Intake
Physica
l
Activity
 Risk
factors
Awareness
Thank you for listening!
 Risk factors associated
with the development of sarcopenia
among a select group of community dwelling
Filipino elderly

Richmond Giovanni S. Chan

Joseph Q. Estipona
Lanze Miguel B. Llorin
Jonathan V. Selfaison