FEEDWATER HEATER

Regeneration
Feedwater Heating
 Feedwater Heating
Salah satu cara meningkatkan efisiensi siklus rankine dengan pemanasan
awal air (feedwater) sebelum masuk ke boiler.

Diagram T-s siklus rankine tanpa proses pemanasan awal, representasi

kebutuhan energi untuk memanaskan feedwater dari temperatur (1) ke (a).
Bandingkan dengan siklus rankine dengan pre-heating, proses pemanasan
air boiler menjadi lebih "ringan", bergesernya garis pemanasan feedwater
(2s-2-a) menjadi (2-3-4).

diagram T-s dengan pre-heating

 Feedwater Heating
Ada 3 tipe feedwater heater
1.Open or direct-contact type
2.Closed type with drains cascaded backward
3.Closed type with drains pump forward
 Open feedwater heaters
• Basic concept of open feedwater heater

• Open feedwater heaters will be less costly as compared to closed

feedwater heaters.
• Open feedwater heaters will also be simple in design and with high
capacity of heat transfer.
 Closed feedwater heaters
• Basic concept of closed feedwater heater

• The two streams can be at different pressures since

the two streams do not mix.
 Open or direct-contact feedwater heater
• Bersifat terbuka,perpindahan panas secara konveksi, extraction
steam akan bertemu dan bercampur langsung dengan fluida kerja
di sebuah wadah tertentu.
• Besides the condensate pump there is one additional pump per
open feedwater heater.
• Open feedwater heaters are also called deaerating heaters or DA,
as the breakup of water in the mixing process results in non-
condensable gases such as air, O2 , CO2 , H2.
• Kelemahan : tidak dapat digunakan apabila antara extraction
steam dengan fluida kerja terdapat perbedaan tekanan yang
terlalu besar
• Kelebihan : perpindahan panas yang maksimal karena kedua
media bertemu secara langsung.
Open or direct-contact feedwater heater
 Open or direct-contact feedwater heater

• Balans energi pada feedwater heater tekanan rendah dan

tekanan tinggi :
Open or direct-contact feedwater heater
 Closed Feed Water Heater
• Perpindahan panas secara konduksi, uap air
pada sisi shell dan fluida kerja di sisi pipa.

• Kelebihan : digunakan apabila perbedaan

tekanan kedua yang besar

• Kelemahan : harga yang lebih mahal serta

perpindahan panas yang lebih kecil.
Closed type with drains cascaded backward
• Terminal Temperature Difference (TTD):
TTD = Saturation temperature of bled steam –exit water
temperature. The value of TTD varies with the heater pressure.

• TTD is positive and the optimum design TTD is 5 F. Too small TTD
is good for the cycle efficiency, but would require a larger heater,
which may not be justified economically.

• TTD can be negative at the case of high pressure feedwater

heater, as the exit water may have a temperature higher than
the saturation temperature of that steam, therefore TTD ranges
from 0 to -5 F.
Desuperheating zone : uap
didinginkan menjadi
temperatur saturasi (jenuh).

Condensing zone : terjadi

kalor laten penguapan dan
uap dikondensasi menjadi
saturated liquid, liquid ini
disebut heater drain.

Subcooling zone : Air

didinginkan dibawah
temperatur saturasi, disebut
juga drain cooling zone.
Closed type with drains cascaded backward

Balans massa :
Closed type with drains cascaded backward
Closed type with drains cascaded backward
Closed type with drains pump forward
 Closed type with drains pump forward

Balans massa :
Closed type with drains pump forward
Closed type with drains pump forward
Closed type with drains pump forward
Placement of Feedwater Heater
 CRITICAL POINT
• Increasing the pressure of steam will increase saturation
temperature of steam at which evaporation takes place.

• A point on T-S graph, where saturated liquid line & saturated vapour
line meets, so that associated latent heat for phase conversion is
zero, that point is called Critical Point.

• The critical pressure for water are 3208 psia

• Adisadvantage of the supercritical-pressure cycle is that in the

expansion process a more wet steam would pass through the turbine
exit, so it is mainly joined with one stage or two stage reheat process.
 Supercritical-pressure cycle
Siklus tekanan superkritis, ekspansi dari titik 1 ke tekanan kondensor
mengghasilkan uap sangat basah shg menggunakan beberapa tingkat
turbin dengan reheat dan umumya 2 reheat.
Supercritical-pressure cycle
Supercritical-pressure cycle