1

A
PROGRESSIVE PROJECT REPORT ON
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF Crossandra infundibuliformis LEAVES EXTRACT

Submitted to Osmania University for the award of Degree

Mrs Asra Fathima (170821887001)
M.Pharmacy, III Sem (Pharmacology)

Under the supervision of

Dr. Syed Safiullah Ghori
Prof of Pharmacology.

Anwarul uloom College of Pharmacy

New Mallepally, Hyderabad.
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Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Objective & Plan of work
3. Literature review
4. Methodology
5. Bibliography
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Introduction
1. Analgesics are a class of drugs primarily used to relieve pain. They work by
targeting the pain pathways in the body, altering the perception of pain signals,
and reducing pain sensation
2. The primary goal of analgesic treatment is to alleviate pain and improve the
quality of life for individuals suffering from various painful conditions.
3. Analgesics are commonly used in the management of acute pain, chronic pain,
postoperative pain, and pain associated with medical conditions such as arthritis,
cancer, or neuropathy.
4. The treatment orientation involves selecting the appropriate analgesic based on
the type and intensity of pain, considering factors such as efficacy, safety, and
tolerability.
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Plant Profile

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
Scientific Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Classification
Family: Acanthaceae
Genus: Crossandra
Species: infundibuliformis

Orange marmalade
Common names Fire cracker
' Tropical flame

Antimicrobial, woundhealing,
BIOLOGICA hepatoprotective, aphrodisiac, antibacterial,
antioxidant, antidiabetic, analgesic
L USES (1)
activities.
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Aim:
The aim of the research study is to evaluate the analgesic activity of Crossandra
infundibuliformis leaves extract.

Objectives:
 Collection of Crossandra infundibuliformis from local market
 Authentication by Botanical survey of India, Deccan Regional Centre.(BSI/DRC/2023-
2024/101)
 To prepare Crossandra infundibuliformis leaves extract using Soxhlet extraction
techniques
 To evaluate the analgesic activity of Crossandra infundibuliformis leaves extract using
suitable animal models of pain.
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Plan of Work

Collection, drying,
Authentication of
Literature Review storage of plant
Plant by taxonomist
material

Biological Evaluation Phytochemical Extraction of plant

for Anti-inflammatory investigation of material using
activity extracts solvent
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Review of Literature:

1. Singh AP, Adholeya A, Tiwari R. (2008). Analgesic activity of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees leaves. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology;
118(1): 1-4.
2. Richard SW, Marius L, Noya S, Innocent Pierre G, Germaine NO. (2011). Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic
effects of Lepidagathis anobrya
Nees (Acanthaceae). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(4):420-4. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i4.12. Epub 2011 Jun
1. PMID: 22654220;
PMCID: PMC3218449.
3. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Asteracantha longifolia Nees. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal. 15. 171-
176.
4. Rajasree R, Sheeja TE. (2011) Pharmacological Activities and Medicinal Uses of Crossandra Infundibuliformis.
International Journal of Research in
Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2011; 2(3): 791-794.
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Methodology

Plant Material & authentication: The flowers of cassia auriculata are collected and authenticated.
Collection, drying and storage of plant material. After collection of plant ,flowers are washed, shade
dried ,and preserved under required conditions. Flowers are dried and stored further to carry out the
extraction process using appropriate solvents.

Processing and Storage of Extracts: The Fine powder 200 g of crude drug used for extraction in
different solvents by Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet). Solvent used in extraction arranged according
to their polarity from non polar to the polar Like Petroleum Ether and Hydro alcoholic extract.
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Methodology

Application of Plant authentication: Whole Plant of Cassia

auriculata belonging to the family Fabaceae were collected
from local area of Hyderabad, Golconda and was identified
and authentified by Dr. Sadia Fatima, Head of Department
of botany. The plant Reference No. _______________ was
deposited at Department of botany Dr.Sadia Fatima
Hyderabad.T.S
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Preparation of Extract & Phytochemical Screening:

 The Fine powder 200 g of crude drug used for extraction in different solvents by Hot
Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet). Solvent used in extraction arranged according to their
polarity from non polar to the polar Like Petroleum Ether and Hydro alcoholic extract.

 The marc left after Pet.Ether extraction was extracted with double distilled water and
evaporated over a water bath to yield total Hydroalcoholic extract concentrate.

 The solvent will be evaporated and finally it yield brown/green/ waxy extract, this is
stored in refrigerator for further usage.

 The extract will be tested for Phytochemical Screening.

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Permission for Animal Experiment:

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IN-VIVO SCREENING METHOD FOR

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY.
 Analgesia is the state of being free from pain or having reduced pain sensation. Pain is an unpleasant
feeling that signals tissue damage or potential harm to the body. Pain can be acute, lasting for a short
time, or chronic, lasting for months or years. Pain can affect the physical, mental, and emotional well-
being of a person.
 There are many ways to achieve analgesia, such as using medications, physical therapies, psychological
interventions, or alternative methods. One of the alternative methods is using herbal remedies that have
analgesic properties. Herbal analgesics are plants or plant extracts that can relieve pain by acting on the
nervous system, reducing inflammation, or blocking pain receptors.
 Some examples of herbal analgesics are: Lavender essential oil, Rosemary essential oil, and Peppermint
essential oi.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

 All the animals will be divided into as 6 animals in

each group.
 The total number of animals required will be : 30
 Animals required for the study : Mice (20- 25 gm)
 Animals will be housed on lage propylene cages &
provided with standard diets and clean drinking
water ad libitium
 The study includes 5 groups
 Grouping of animals is done based on the treatment
given.
 Group - I :Normal Saline (5 ml / kg)
 Group - II : Negative control ( 100mg/kg) Tramadol
 Group - III : Test-I (100mg/kg b.w,p.o)
 Group -IV : Test-II (200mg/kg b.w,p.o)
 Group -V : Test-III (300mg/kg b.w,p.o)
 TEST GROUPS: EECI : ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF
CROSSANDRA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS
Description of Procedure to be used: 14

Hot Plate Test (2) :

 The test was carried out at a fixed temperature of 55 ± 0.5◦C. Animals
were habituated twice to the hot plate in advance, response was
defined as licking or biting of a paw, or jumping [where all four paws
leave the plate].
 The time in seconds between the platform and reaction was recorded
as the response latency. The mice exhibiting latency time greater than
30s or less than 5s were excluded. The latency time was determined at
30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min after administration of the test
drugs.
 A latency period of 60 s was defined as complete analgesia, and if so,
we will cut off its time to prevent damage to mice. After each testing,
the hot plate was wiped clean with wet paper towels, removing urine
and feces.
 The female mice were divided into seven groups, control group
within isometric physiological saline, and the mice were administered
test drugs and positive drug for three days.
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Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing Test (2)

 Acetic acid induced writhing model was used to evaluate analgesic activity of the
synthesized compounds.
 Five groups of six Swiss albino mice, each 20–25 g b.w, were used. 0.6% acetic acid
[dose¼ 10 ml/Kg] was injected intraperitoneal.
 The numbers of writhes were counted for 20 min, after 5 min of injection of acetic acid
into each mice.
 This reading was taken as a control. Next day, same groups of mice were used for
evaluating analgesic activity. Each group was administered orally with the synthesized
compounds.
 The dose of 100 mg/kg of animal was given 1 hour before injection of acetic acid. After 5
min of acetic acid injection, mice were observed for the number of writhing for the
duration of 20 min.
 The mean value for each group was calculated and compared with control
 References 16

1. Rajasree R, Sheeja TE. Pharmacological Activities and Medicinal Uses of Crossandra Infundibuliformis. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy.
2011; 2(3): 791-794.
2. Singh, Lokendra & Bilwal, Gaurav & Godara, Deepak. (2019). EVALUATION OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE IN ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. World
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 8. 429-439. 10.20959/wjpr20193-14239.
3. Eswayah, Asma & Khaliel, Souad & Saad, Shaban & Shebani, Naima & Fhid, Omran & Belaid, Amal & Alsharif, Tawssul & Elforjane, Haneen & Saadalla, Yousra &
Baga, Ennam. (2017). Synthesis and Analgesic Activity Evaluation of Some New Benzimidazole Derivatives Citation... American Journal of Chemistry and Application. 4. 30-35.
4. Das, Sreedam Chandra& Bhadra, Subrata& Roy, Sumon& Saha, Sajal Kumar& Sayf al-Islam, Md.& Bashshar, Sitesh Chandra. 2012. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activities of ethanolic root extract of swertia chirata (gentianaceae). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences،Vol. 5, no. 1, pp.31-36.
5. Hijazi, Mohamad Ali & El-Mallah, Ahmed & Aboul-Ela, Maha & El-Lakany, Abdalla. (2017). Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Papaver libanoticum Extract in Mice:
Involvement of Opioids Receptors. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017. 1-13. 10.1155/2017/8935085.
6. Singh AP, Adholeya A, Tiwari R. Analgesic activity of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008; 118(1): 1-4.
7. Richard SW, Marius L, Noya S, Innocent Pierre G, Germaine NO. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of Lepidagathis anobrya Nees (Acanthaceae). Afr J
Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(4):420-4. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i4.12. Epub 2011 Jun 1. PMID: 22654220; PMCID: PMC3218449.
8. . Amin, Md Al & Chowdhury, Ishtiaque & Mahbub, K & Sattar, Mafruhi & Shahriar, Masum & Kuddus, Md. Ruhul & Rashid, Mohammad. (2012). Anti-
inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Asteracantha longifolia Nees. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal. 15. 171-176. 10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12586.
9. Patra, Arjun & Jha, Sh & Pn, Murthy & Roy, Dipan & Sahu, A.N.. (2008). Analgesic and antimotility activities of leaves of Hygrophilla spinosa T. Anders. 2. 821-828.
10. Christophe, Mezui et al. “Analgesic and non-ulcerogenic activities of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Eremomastax speciosa Hochst (Acanthaceae) in mice.”
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 5 (2017): 06-10.
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