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Chapter Three
• Register Transfer
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
MICROOPERATION
Digital systems are composed of modules that are constructed from digital
components, such as registers, decoders, arithmetic elements, and control
logic
MICROOPERATION: An elementary operation performed during
one clock pulse, on the information stored in one or more registers
REGISTER TRANSFER
Designation of a register - a register
- portion of a register
- a bit of a register
Common ways of drawing the block diagram of a register
Register Showing individual bits
R1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
15 0 15 8 7 0
R2 PC(H) PC(L)
Numbering of bits Subfields
Representation of a transfer(parallel)
R2 R1
• This statement implies that the hardware is available
• The outputs of the source must have a path to the inputs of the destination
• The destination register has a parallel load capability
Load
Transfer occurs here
Questions
Bus lines
Bus lines
Load
Reg. R0 Reg. R1 Reg. R2 Reg. R3
D 0 D1 D2 D 3
z E (enable)
Select 2x4
w
Decoder
MEMORY TRANSFERS
Memory Read
AR
unit Write
DR
ARITHMETIC MICROOPERATIONS
BINARY ADDER
B3 A3 B2 A2 B1 A1 B0 A0
Binary Adder
FA C3 FA C2 FA C1 FA C0
C4 S3 S2 S1 S0
Binary Adder-Subtractor
B3 A3 B2 A2 B1 A1 B0 A0
C3 C2 C1 C0
FA FA FA FA
C4 S3 S2 S1 S0
Question
– x+yz: AR AR + BR
Question
ARITHMETIC CIRCUIT
Cin
S1
S0
A0 X0 C0
S1 D0
S0 FA
B0 0 4x1 Y0 C1
1 MUX
2
3
A1 X1 C1
S1 FA D1
S0
B1 0 4x1 Y1 C2
1 MUX
2
3
A2 X2 C2
S1 FA D2
S0
B2 0 4x1 Y2 C3
1 MUX
2
3
A3 X3 C3
S1 D3
S0 FA
B3 0 4x1 Y3 C4
1 MUX
2
3 Cout
0 1
Question
Question:
Draw the digital circuit that performs the following logical
operations between reg. A and reg. B(draw the circuit for
one bit), then list the circuit function table:
(AND, OR, XOR and Complement).
Answer
Ai
0
Bi
1
4X1 Fi
MUX
2
3 Select
S1
S
Function table
S1 S0 Output -operation
0 0 F=AB AND
0 1 F = AB OR
1 0 F=AB XOR
1 1 F = A’ Complement
SHIFT MICROOPERATIONS
Shifts
- Logical shift : shift in a 0 into the extreme flip-flop
- Circular shift : circulates the bits of the register around the two ends
- Arithmetic shift : shifts a signed number (shift with sign extension)
Left shift -> multiplied by 2
Right shift -> divided by 2
Arithmetic shifts for signed binary numbers
- Arithmetic shift-right
Sign
bit
Rn-1 Rn-2 R1 R0
Question
Question
Arithmetic D i
Circuit
Select
Ci+1
0 4x1 Fi
1 MUX
2
3
Ei
Logic
Bi Circuit
Ai
Ai-1 shr
Ai+1 shl