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Electrolyte and Fluid Balance in Elderly
Electrolyte and Fluid Balance in Elderly
balance in elderly
PRESENTER: DR JOHARI(MD)
FACILITATOR: DR KANENDA (NEPHROLOGIST)
Outline
INTRODUCTION
• body is ~2/3rds water (males=63%; women=52%)
Schlanger LE, Bailey JL, Sands JM. Electrolytes in the aging. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010 Jul;17(4):308-19. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.03.008. PMID: 20610358;
PMCID: PMC2901254.
• Total body water decreases with age. In a younger man near his ideal body weight, total
body water composes 60% to 65% of his body mass.
• By age 80 years, this contribution is reduced to 50%.
• With < 1% decrease in osmolality, hypothalamus-posterior pituitary axis respond by
inhibiting ADH release hence failure to concentrate urine
• In the elderly, the maximal urinary osmolality and thirst response to
hyperosmolality are reduced, which may predispose to dehydration and
hypernatremia.
• The impairment in urine concentrating ability results from a defect in the
concentrating gradient in the medullary region and can lead to nocturia.
• Hypernatremia can occur in ill elderly patient not having access to water.
• The elderly also have an impaired ability to dilute the urine and thus have a decreased ability
to excrete a water load, leading to an increased predisposition to hyponatremia that is often
compounded by the use of medications such as thiazide diuretics and selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors.
• Whether age per se is an independent risk factor for the development of hyponatremia has
been questioned, because after adjustment for frailty, the relationship between age and sodium
disorders is no longer significant.
Vajdic CM, McDonald SP, McCredie MR, van Leeuwen MT, Stewart JH, Law M, Chapman JR, Webster AC, Kaldor JM, Grulich AE. Cancer incidence before and after kidney transplantation. JAMA. 2006 Dec
Other tubular defect and electrolyte abnormality
• Potassium excretion is impaired in the elderly, and the trans tubular potassium gradient is
decreased.
• Hyperkalemia occurs more frequently in elderly patients treated with drugs that interfere
with potassium excretion (such as potassium-sparing diuretics or agents that block the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system).
• Hypokalemia is also common because of kidney (especially with thiazide diuretics) or
extrarenal losses.
Calcium
• Hypercalcemia occurs in 1% to 3% of elderly patients.
• Causes include malignancy, hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, and use of thiazide
diuretics.
• Many patients with thiazide-associated hypercalcemia have underlying primary
hyperparathyroidism.
• Hypocalcemia is less common and is observed mainly in patients with advanced CKD
(in association with vitamin D deficiency and hyperphosphatemia), chronic
malabsorption, and severe malnutrition.
Magnesium
• Hypomagnesemia is reported in 7% to 10% of elderly patients admitted to the hospital,
most commonly because of malnutrition or laxative or diuretic use.
• Hypermagnesemia is less common and is found primarily in patients with CKD or who
are taking large doses of magnesium-containing antacids. Gout (as well as asymptomatic
elevations in serum uric acid levels) is also more common in older people.
Acid base balance
• Most elderly individuals can maintain acid-base balance under normal conditions.
• However, during conditions of stress when acid production is increased (sepsis or acute kidney injury [AKI]), an
inability to excrete an additional acid load may be uncovered.
• This is supported by a study demonstrating that elderly patients could not increase net acid excretion to the
same level as younger adults in response to a protein meal.48
• This tendency to metabolic acidosis becomes more manifest in the presence of CKD, particularly in concomitant
pulmonary disease limit compensatory hyperventilation.
• Evangelidis N, Craig JC, Tong A. Song Executive Committee and Investigators. Standardised Outcomes in Nephrology-Haemodialysis (Song-HD): using the Delphi method to gain
consensus on core outcomes for haemodialysis trials. J Ren Care. 2015;41
Conclusion
• Normal physiological changes of aging increase the likelihood of fluid-electrolyte disorders in the elderly
surgical patient.
• The aged kidney undergoes interstitial fibrosis as well as widespread sclerosis of glomeruli and of afferent
arterioles.
• The most crucial functional changes are a decrease in GFR, decreased urinary concentrating abil-ity, and
narrowed limits for the excretion of water, so-dium, potassium, and hydrogen ion.
• Despite these changes, body fluid homeostasis is effectively maintained under normal day-to-day
circumstances.
• Problems may arise when the older patient is placed in a state of fluid deprivation or iatrogenic insult.
• Attention to age-related limitations of fluid homeostasis can help the physician prevent clinical complications
such as hypotonicity and hypertonicity, hy-perkalemia, and volume depletion.
• Meticulous detail must be paid to salt and water balance and to drug dosing and choices.
References
• Comprehensive clinical nephrology 7th ED
• United States Renal Data System. International comparisons. USRDS 2016
• annual data report. Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States.
• Vol. 2. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of
• Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2016.
• Vajdic CM, McDonald SP, McCredie MRE, et al. Cancer incidence before and after kidney
transplantation. JAMA. 2006;296:2823–2831.
• Investigators. Standardised Outcomes in Nephrology-Haemodialysis (Song-HD): using the Delphi
method to gain consensus on core outcomes for haemodialysis trials. J Ren Care. 2015;41(4):211–
212
Thank u