On the Maximum Power Density of

Implanted Antennas within Simplified

Body Phantoms
 Abstract

• In this work, we investigated the variation of maximum power density within

simplified body phantoms, caused by changes in the operating frequency,
implantation depth, body phantom radius, and source size.
• Both spherical and planar body models are studied, and the corresponding
results are compared to an efficient approximation method.
• The summarized results are used to derive design rules and can be used as
benchmarks for the design of most implanted antennas, especially for shallow
implants.
 Introduction
• We investigated the variation of maximum power density within simplified
body phantoms
• Changes in the operating frequency, implantation depth, body phantom radius,
and source size.
• Both spherical and planar body models are studied, and the corresponding
results are compared to an efficient approximation method
• The summarized results are used to derive design rules and can be used as
benchmarks for the design of most implanted antennas, especially for shallow
implants
Introduction
• Nevertheless, for antennas implanted in lossy biological tissues, dissipation and
scattering in these lossy media become the main contributions of radiation
losses, in which the geometry of the surrounding body phantom also plays an
important role.
• To investigate the mechanisms of radiation losses, the use of geometrically
simplified body phantoms becomes the priority.
• Some studies have been carried out to analyze the electromagnetic (EM)
characteristics of implanted antennas [1].
• the optimization of wireless powering in the midfield region [2], and the
radiation efficiency of implanted capsules [3]
• By taking simplified body phantoms, such as spherical, cylindrical, or planar
models, the radiation process can be sketched and used in the analysis of
various situations [1]–[4]
 Analysis of Work
• In this work, we analyzed the maximum power density of an elementary source
implanted in the spherical and the planar body models, respectively. Through
the comparison of the results, it helps to further understand the effect of body
phantom geometry on the radiation losses.
• The usefulness of the maximum power density lies in mastering the losses of
EM wave radiated by the implanted antenna through the shortest path: from
entering the lossy body phantom to the phantom-air interface
Canonical Models of the Implantable Antenna
 Spherical Body Phantom
• The spherical model and the planar model, as depicted in Fig. 1.
• The implanted antenna, an elementary electric or magnetic dipole source, is surrounded
by a small lossless sphere radius rimpl (roughly represents the dimension of the source
encapsulation) .
• For the spherical body model [Fig. 1 (a)], the source is implanted at a distance rfeed from
the center of the spherical phantom, the latter having variable radius rbody and complex
permittivity representing biological tissues (implantation depth d = rbody – rfeed).

• rimpl - roughly represents the dimension of the source encapsulation

• rfeed - the center of the spherical phantom
• rbody - variable radius
• implantation depth d = rbody – rfeed
 Planar Body Phantom
• For the planar body model [Fig. 1 (b)], the body phantom is represented by an
infinite half-space filled with biological tissues, and the source is placed at an
implantation depth d from the phantom-air interface.
• Both body phantoms(Spherical and Planar) can be set to be homogeneous or
stratified according to model requires.
 Maximum Power Density (MPD)
• For the maximum power density of the body-implanted source, denoted as
MPD, the observer is placed on the nearest point of the phantom-air interface.
• In the numerical evaluation, the power density is calculated by the real part of
the Poynting vector in the perpendicular direction to the phantom-air interface.
• It is noted that the maximum power density at the observer needs to be
normalized by the power density at the radius of the lossless sphere rimpl.
 Methods
• Spherical Body Model: Spherical Wave Expansion Method
• Planar Body Model: Green’s functions in a multilayered medium
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• Considering the dispersive properties and varying electrical length at different
frequencies, here we analyze the maximum power density as a function of
frequency.
• In practice, choosing an appropriate operating frequency is an effective
approach to reduce the losses in the body phantom.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• According to the analysis in [5] and [6], the power density drops significantly
in the range of low frequency (i.e., f < 1 GHz) owing to the enlarged reactive
near-field region, which brings more losses.
• At higher frequencies, the losses of power density also become aggravated,
which can be explained by the variation of the attenuation constant in the lossy
medium [equal to ], which is positively correlated with the
frequency
 Implantation Depth and its Variation
• For the electric type sources, we first investigate the effect of implantation
depth d. The source radius rimpl is fixed to 1 mm if not otherwise specified.
• Using the approximation of the maximum power density, the variations of the
maximum power density are illustrated in Fig. 2 (a) for different implantation
depths.
• The implantation depth becomes smaller, the optimal frequency increases and
presents a wide-band value range (e.g., in the case with d = 5 mm or .5cm).
 Planar Boby Model
• These above results fit well with the results derived from the planar model. Fig.
2 (b) plots the maximum power density for different implantation depths in the
planar body model.
• The frequency that optimizes the maximum power density also exhibits
different characteristics.
• As the implantation depth becomes smaller, the optimal frequency increases
and presents a wide-band value range (e.g., in the case with d = 5 mm)
MPD- Approximation Method and Planer Model-
Electric Type Source
Different implantation Depth(spherical) and
various source radius(planer)
MPD- Approximation Method and Planer
Model-Magnetic Type Source
 Comparison Electric Vs Magnetic type source
• In comparison with the electric type sources, the values of the maximum power
density are always higher for the magnetic type source, which is mainly due to
the weakening of the near-field losses (since in this case the magnetic field
predominates in the reactive near-field region and it is not coupled to lossy
human tissue).
• The power density increases more slowly as rimpl increase, owing to the
relatively limited near-field losses of the magnetic type source.
• Comparison take place in planer model , different implanted depth and
different source radius.
 CONCLUSIONS
• The maximum power density in the planar body model can be well estimated
by using the approximation method derived from the analysis of the spherical
body model, where the reflection losses are approximated by the intrinsic
impedance at the phantom-air interface.
• The obtained results also provide effective guidance for the selection of the
operating frequency in the design of implanted antennas
• When making transition from deeply implanted source in the spherical body
phantom to the source within the planar phantom, the reflection losses become
smaller due to the broken symmetry of the spherical body model.
• This indicates that more severe reflection losses are always taken into account
for concentric implants within the spherical phantom, which leads to an
overestimation of losses compared to most cases in practice.
 CONCLUSIONS
• The size of the implanted source, expressed as the source radius rimpl,
has a notable effect on the maximum power density, owing to the
changes in the near-field losses
 Observation
• Investigated the variation of maximum power density within
simplified body phantoms(Spherical & Planar Body)
• Maximum power density of the body-implanted source, denoted as
MPD, the observer is placed on the nearest point of the phantom-air
interface.
• In Planer model , measure different implantable depth and source
radius.
• In spherical modal, measure different radius of spherical model and
implantable depth.
• Analysis Near field and Reactive Near field from source Implanted.
 Observation
• The size of the source also play role in the radiating power .
• The implantable depth size is small ,optimal frequency increases and presents a wide-band value
range .
• The power density drops significantly in the range of low frequency (i.e., f < 1 GHz) owing to the
enlarged reactive near-field region, which brings more losses.
• At higher frequencies, the losses of power density also become aggravated.
• When making transition from deeply implanted source in the spherical body phantom to the
source within the planar phantom, the reflection losses become smaller due to the broken
symmetry of the spherical body model.
• This indicates that more severe reflection losses are always taken into account for concentric
implants within the spherical phantom, which leads to an overestimation of losses compared to
most cases in practice.
• We not says which one is suitable of implant the source(antenna) in spherical and planer body
model
• Depending on the source size , implant depth and radius of the source model
• 3 to 4 mm depth are Preferable for implant the source antenna.
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