MICROBIOLOGY HOUR 28.4.

17
 VIROLOGY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Classification and modes of transmission of Hepatitis viruses
2. Enumerate modes/. routes of transmission of HBV Infection
3. Draw a labelled diagram of Hepatitis B virus. Enumerate 4 methods of its transmission.
4. Hepatitis B Virus
5. 4 modes of infection in hepatitis B infection
6. Serological markers in the diagnosis of Hepatitis B viral infections
7. Describe AIDS
8. Enumerate six opportunistic infections that occur in HIV/AIDS Patients (TWO EACH IN bacterial, fungal, parasitic)
9. Diagram of HIV with label
10. Oral manifestations of HIV Infections
11. Define window period in HIV Infection. Mention its significance
12. Immunodiagnosis of HIV infection  DETAIL
13. Write about the oral manifestations of AIDS with different types of causative agents DETAIL
14. Lab diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
15. ELISA with diagnosis
16. 4 important differences between bacteria and viruses
17. Cultivation of viruses in Embryonated eggs
18. Cultivation of virus
19. Enumerate the methods of cultivation of viruses giving examples
20. Enumerate the methods used for the demonstration of growth of viruses over the cell line
21. Mention at least 2 methods of virus isolation
22. Mention correct stages of viral multiplication
23. Lad diagnosis of Mumps
24. Enumerate any 4 viruses causing orofacial lesions
25. Enumerate 4 sites of infection by herpes simplex virus in adults
 AIDS/ HIV EXAM QUESTIONS
1. Describe AIDS
2. Enumerate six opportunistic infections that occur in HIV/AIDS
Patients (TWO EACH IN bacterial, fungal, parasitic)
3. Diagram of HIV with label
4. Oral manifestations of HIV Infections
5. Define window period in HIV Infection. Mention its significance
6. Immunodiagnosis of HIV infection  DETAIL
7. Write about the oral manifestations of AIDS with different types
of causative agents DETAIL
8. Lab diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
9. ELISA with diagnosis
 HEPATITIS B VIRUS EXAM QUESTIONS

1. Enumerate modes/. routes of transmission of

HBV Infection
2. Draw a labelled diagram of Hepatitis B virus.
Enumerate 4 methods of its transmission.
3. Hepatitis B Virus
4. 4 modes of infection in hepatitis B infection
5. Serological markers in the diagnosis of
Hepatitis B viral infections
ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B
VIRUS -SAQ
Diagram of HBV -SAQ
LAB DIAGNOSIS OF HBV
 OTHER VIRUS EXAM QUESTIONS
1. Lab diagnosis of Mumps
2. Enumerate any 4 viruses causing orofacial
lesions
3. Enumerate 4 sites of infection by herpes
simplex virus in adults
 Paramyxoviruses
• Paramyxoviruses are large, pleomorphic
enveloped RNA viruses.
• There are four groups of paramyxoviruses:
– 1. parainfluenza virus
– 2. mumps virus
– 3. measles virus
– 4. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
 MUMPS VIRUS
• Mumps, measles, rubella and varicella (chickenpox) are
the common childhood fevers.

• Mumps virus typically causes parotitis (mumps) of acute

onset involving one or both parotid glands. “Viral
infections of salivary glands”

• The attenuated form of the mumps virus, incorporated in

the combined measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine,
leads to the development of antibody in 95% of vaccines
 Mumps (endemic parotitis)
• Mumps is caused by an RNA
paramyxovirus, which infects
circulating lymphocytes, especially
activated T cells.

• These spread in the blood, ‘targeting’

salivary duct epithelial cells and
replicating in them, leading to acinar
disintegration, periductal oedema
and a mononuclear infiltrate.

• Subsequently, the virus is shed in

saliva and spreads into the blood
stream, causing a viraemia.
 Incubation period and infectivity

• Approximately 14–28 days; the saliva of patients

incubating mumps (during the prodromal period) is
infectious for a few days before parotitis develops
and up to 2 weeks after the onset of clinical
symptoms.

• Mumps is transmitted by direct contact with saliva

and by droplet spread, and hence, the disease may
be contracted in the dental clinic environment.
 Clinical features
• pyrexia, sore throat, furred tongue, trismus and earache,
• Commonly pain on chewing and/or pain and tenderness on upward pressure
beneath the angle of the lower jaw (pain may be acute during salivation)
• reddening of the opening of the parotid duct
• increase in glandular size, and varying consistency of the gland from normal to
very hard
• low salivary flow rate leading to non-specific stomatitis
• and halitosis
• trismus and earache due to parotid involvement
• either one or both parotid glands may be involved, with a delay of up to 5 days in
between; salivary glands other than the parotid may be enlarged in some 10% of
cases
• the clinical course of mumps varies widely, from a mild upset lasting a day or two
to a severe illness with high fever lasting up to 2 weeks; complete recovery is
usual.
MUMPS
Diagnosis -SAQ
 Lab diagnosis of mumps
• Essential for atypical infections

• VIRAL ISOLATION AND SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

• VIRAL ISOLATION;
– Isolated from saliva within 4-5 days
– Urine upto 2 weeks
– CSF 8-9 days after onset of illness

– Inoculated on monkey kidney cell cultures

– Other cell lines: Human amnion and HeLa cells

– Viral growth can be detected by :

• Hemeadsorption inhibition using antiserum
– Isolation can take 1-2 weeks
– Rapid results: Immunofluorescence testing of infected cell cultures (2-3 days after
inoculation

– Isolation can also be made on 6-8 day old chick embryo by amniotic route  testing the
amniotic fluid after 5-6 days for hemeagglutinin using specific antisera
 Lab diagnosis of mumps by serological
methods
• SEROLOGICAL TESTS:
– To check for rise in titre of antibodies in paired
serum samples
– Complement Fixation tests A positive CF test for
antibody to the S antigen in the acute phase
serum  Evidence of current infection
– Ig M- ELISA
Enumerate any 4 viruses causing orofacial lesions -SAQ
HSV
VARICELLA ZOSTER
EBV
 COXSAKIEVIRUS
• HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Mumps virus  paramyxovirus
HERPES VIRUS TYPES
 Enumerate 4 sites of infection by herpes simplex virus in adults -
SAQ

• Cutaneous infections:
– Common sites : cheeks, chin, around the mouth
• Mucosal infections:
– Gingivostomatitis
– Pharyngitis
– Herpes labialis
• Ophthalmic infections:
– Acute keratoconjuntivitis
• Nervous system –
– Herpes encephalitis
• Genital infections
• Viseral – HSV esophagitis