Les 8-9 Cities in Evolution (Autosaved)

URBAN ANALYSIS
Lecture 8-9
Cities in Evolution
Beyond the Organic Metaphor
07.11.2023
Michiel Dehaene
Intro: City, Design Space
CITY
the troubled legacy of Patrick Geddes: from civic survey to strategies of attention
Laboratories of the modern city: Factory, Bureaucracy, Metropolis
Laboratories of the modern city: urban social ecologies, the legacy of the Chicago school
Positive Externality: from the city as growth machine to the right to the city
An interpretative sandwich for spatial analysis: configuration, management, use, meaning
Public space & Other spaces
SPACE
Cities in evolution: the regional promise
Cities in evolution: beyond the organic metaphor
CONFIGURATION: Morphology: parcels, roads, buildings
CONFIGURATION: the relative autonomy of form
CONFIGURATION: layers and tempo’s
MANAGEMENT: Networks and Systems
USE & MEANING: the use of space and the social construction of its meaning
MEANING: narrating the non-coincidence of space, management, use and meaning
DESIGN
Design and Analysis as contingency management
Designing for the urban condition
CITY
Laboratories of the modern city: Factory, Bureaucracy, City (Marx, Weber, Simmel)
Positive Externality: from collective consumption to the right to the city
Public space & the use of disorder
Loose space and other spaces
- City within the break between production and consumption

- Urban Question; city as the site where the problem of collective consumption is organized
Housing/Infrastructure but also Accessibility, Mobility, Public Safety, Public Health, Food,
- Urbanization as process of spatial differentiiation: the city as mosaic – the city as an ecology of
choice.
- Planning and Design: from reducing negative externality to organizing positive externality
- Non-coinciding dimensions of a relational understanding of space:
configuration, management, use, meaning
- Non-coincidence as momementum of urban movements: re-appropriation and rearticulation of
configuration, management, use and meaning
- Public Space: the (semi-)integrated system of public and private spaces
- Residual space and third space as part and parcel of the social poetics (i.e. how new social
meaning is created) of urbanization
26 September City Space Desing Block 1 and 2
3 Oktober CITY The troubled legacy of Patrick Geddes
10 Oktober NO CLASS
17 Oktober Laboratories of the Modern City + Chicago Shool
24 Oktober Positve externality + interpretative sandwich
31 Oktober Public space and other spaces
7 November SPACE Cities in Evolution

First assignment due November 7th
14 November NO CLASS
21 November Morphology: parcels roads buildings + the autonomy of form
28 November layers and tempos
5 December Networks and Systems
12 December DESIGN Use and the social construction of its meaning
Second assignment due January 5th

ASSIGNMENT 2 Discussion of an example of urban analytical work
1. Place the case-study/project in context. Describe the background of the authors.

Explain in what context the study/project was made. (1 page)
2. Discuss the key concepts/notions that are used to interpret and spatialize dynamics
of urbanization and that structure the analytical work. Select at least three
concepts that define the strategies of attention deployed by the authors/designers.
Explain the specific content of these ideas and illustrate with examples from the
study. (1-2 pages)
3. Discuss the representational strategies used. How is the analysis presented,
visualized, spatialized. Pay special attention to the innovative dimension of the
work. (1-2 pages)
4. Discuss the way the study speaks about the city and urbanization and the
normative position this reflects: which views about the city are being promoted by
the study/analysis. Which ideas about the city are advanced as ‘the good city’, as
what we should strive for. (1-2 pages)
5. Evaluate the study. (1 page)
CITY
Positive Externality: from collective consumption to the right to the city
SPACE
DESIGN
From city to urbanization – the question of boundaries.
City can not be understood as a singular bounded territorial entity.

Urbanization as a process of rescaling – multiply territorialized.
Thinking the multiple territorialities of urbanization.
Decomposition of scales not as an organic puzzle in which part and whole

exist within a static composition
But rather
as a co-evolutionary multiscalar state of flux.
Understanding the territorial selections that are stabilized within different

fases of the process of urbanization – under different ‘urbanisms’.
Urbanization and territorial rescaling
Neil Brenner (ed.) Implosions/Explosions. Towards a study of planetary urbanization, Berlin: Jovis, 2014
Territorial rescaling – ever more of the world affected by urbanization
Henri Lefebvre, La Revolution urbaine, 1970

Territorial rescaling as a trajectory in time (the geography of a history of urbanization)
Cedric Price
Urbanisms of territorial rescaling
(mastering the neighborhood and the city extension at the same time)
"Pla Cerdà", 1859

De- and re-territorialization
‘Urbanisation can indeed be viewed, as a process of continuous

de-territorialization and re-territorialization through metabolic
circulatory flows, organizing through social and physical conduits
or networks of “metabolic vehicles”’
Erik Swyngedouw, ‘Metabolic urbanization: the making of cyborg cities’ in In the Nature of Cities. Urban
Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism, Nick Heynen, Maria Kaika, Erik Swyngedouw, (eds.)
(London: Routledge, 2006), 22.
Urbanization and territorial ‘selectivity’
Towards the horizontal Metropolis?
Accumulation, Rescaling, Differentiation, Interpretation, Selectivity
Future of the historical city Metropolitan area Reconversion of sprawl

‘the region’ serves historically as the conceptual vehicle for
reflections on the relevant unit of intervention
TOWN – COUNTRY
- division of labor
- territorial break between production and consumption
REGION as the frame to think the historical link between town and country
REGION increasingly the frame to think the coexistence of urbanization
and territorial substrate, of network and territory
REGION as the framework to think about questions of reterritorialization

- local supply chains (food, energy, water)
- resilience (local autonomy)
- use of local resources (food, energy, water)
- equity aspects (access to resources, food security)
Tension between Region as a naturalized planning unit

vs. the region as a historical, ever evolving, cultural construct.
Urban analysis as part and parcel of a reflective effort to construct

the regions of urbanistic intervention
Buur, preparatory study for the making of the regional plan for sustainable development, 2011
Brussels
Horizontal Metropolis
Brussels 2040, Studio 010 + Karbon

Bestek nr. OMG/SID/LR02 Transformatie van het 20ste -eeuwse randgebied van en rond Brussel
THE REGIONAL PROMISSE
1. THE REGION AND THE NATURAL PLAN

2. REGIONS WITHIN THE NATION
3. CITIES IN EVOLUTION: THE ORGANIC HORIZON
Patrick Abercrombie, Town and Country Planning, 1933
“Planning or Laissez-Faire”
Patrick Geddes, Valley Section
Bluntly speaking we want to see if it is possible to put a great many more
buildings, new roads, subdivisions of property, etc., into the countryside and
preserve its beauty either substantially as it is or in a changed form. How
much is it possible, owing to skilful planning, making use of contours, tree
screens, grouping, harmonious colour and suitable shapes, for the country to
absorb without ceasing to be country?
Abercrombie, The Preservation of Rural England, 1926
Regional Planning
Doncaster Regional Planning Scheme, 1922
Countryside Preservation
Cumbrian Regional Planning Scheme, 1932
Civic and Regional Survey
Bristol and Bath Regional Planning Scheme, 1930

Landscape Survey Map
Raymond Unwin, the Greater London Development Plan, 1929.
The Pattern and the Background
(a) Open space designed on a background of potential building land
(b) building areas designed on a background of open land
(c) Green Girdle reserved on a background of land with unlimited potential for building
(d) Diagram of satellites and areas for development on a background of open land.
Escritt, The Seive Method
‘theoretical plan’ for the non-existing county
of Loamshire. Represenation of the principles
of regional planning according to P Patrick
Abercrombie. Abercombrie constructs a
green frame for regional development based
on the adding up of multiple criteria. Normal
agriculture is the rest of this exercise and the
real focus of planning decision on where to
develop or not to develop. In this area,
discretion is needed. In the other areas, hard
criteria apply.
Abercrombie, Patrick, “The Town and Country Planning
Act and the
Countryside,” 1933

Modernist regional planning narratives to build a nation
- The natural unit/natural nations: nation and region as one

- Building blocks of National Integration
- Imagined communities/Regionalist narratives
Patrick Geddes, Valley Section
Political provinces spanning a language frontier have long been the most
debatable lands in Europe. During and immediately after the Great War
there appeared a large polemical literature advocating the claims of the
contesting parties. There were also some writings of a more scientific
character […], in which due attention was paid to physical geography and
ethnology.
After the conclusion of the Great War I embarked upon the study of
linguistic borderlands in Europe, and on tracing their history backwards I
arrived in almost every case at a definite date of origin, which was in the
period when the district was situated on the frontier of Christendom. The
writers upon the subject had practically ignored the Ecclesiastical Map of
Europe which, was as my investigation showed me, was of prime
importance for a proper understanding of the problems presented by the
Borderlands. This connection of the Ecclesiastical with the Linguistic and
Racial map of Europe provides the thesis of the present volume.
Preface, Vaughan Cornish, Borderlands of Language in Euorpe, 1936

Modernist regional narratives to build a nation
- The natural unit/natural nations: nation and region as one

Friedrich Ratzel (1848-1904)
Natural People (bound to a specific region)

Cultural People (transcend thanks to the use of technology the natural
boundaries of the region)
Lebensraum (Ratzel) - Genre de Vie (Vidal de la Blache)

Relationship between geographical unit and human occupation
(today: ‘ecological footprint)
The surpassing of the natural/regional boundaries of human occupation,

produces solidarity and competition between regional entities.
This is according to Ratzel the basis of the formation of the Nation State.
The structural unification of the National territory.
Cf. building of integrated infrastructural networks.
Ruud Filarski & Gijs Mom
Van Transport naar Mobiliteit
De transportrevolutie [1800-1900]
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
Regional geography as a strategic activity
Regional geography as the basis of ‘national planning’
1943 Creation of the Research Division of the Ministry of Town and Country Planning
Preface, G.H.J.Daysh
Studies in Regional Planning
1949
With the creation of the Ministry of Town and Country Planning many
geographers have been involved in research for planning, whilst some have
been working in more or les unofficial fields, as for instance voluntary
regional organisations. The contributors to this publication have had recent
experience of research for planning; some were directly concerned with
the earlier period when, in the Special Areas in particular, experience was
being gained in those many problems associated with the introduction and
location of new industries. All make it clear in their contribution that local
and national planning go hand in hand.
[I have] argued, amongst other things, that there was a real contribution to
be made to planning by the geographer and particularly in this field of
production of the appropriate material upon which to base a regional plan.
We stressed that the regional plan was required in advance of the plans for
smaller units, whilst we also endeavored to indicate that just as the smaller
units must be linked into the problems of the larger region, so must those
of the region be related to national issues. A form of approach to the
preparation of the research material on a regional basis was suggested.
Preface, G.H.J.Daysh, Studies in Regional Planning, 1949

G.H.J.Daysh, et.al.
1949
Population
Community and Society in a Historical Perspective
Resources and Work on Land and Sea
Handicrafts, Industry and Power
The Visitor
Tourist Industry
Employment and Income
Services
The Case for Regional Development of the Higlands and Isles
G.H.J.Daysh, et.al.
1949
Link tussen regionaal
bestuurlijk vraagstuk
Voorstel voor de herindeling

van provincies
C.B.Fawcett
Division of England and Wales
in 12 Provinces,
1919
The Coffin – the geography of urbanization
E.G.R. Taylor, Discussions on the geographical distribution of industry, 1938

The Coffin – the geography of urbanization
E.G.R. Taylor, Discussions on the geographical distribution of industry, 1938

The region
- The natural unit
De streekroman – de regio als gerucht
Stan Leurs, e.a., Steden en Landschappen: De Demervallei, 1935
Gete-lijn, Stan Leurs, e.a., Steden en Landschappen: De Demervallei, 1935
Stan Leurs, e.a., Steden en Landschappen: De Demervallei, 1935

ORGANICISM
Adjustment of man and environment, form and content, deep structure and surface
appearance.
Functionalism as the most direct and flat expression of organicism: form follows function
Beauty as the indicator of ‘adjustment’ and ‘full correspondence’. The expression of

necessity according to artistic principles.
Rationalization is both the problem (alienation) as well as the cure (second nature)
Science as the guide leading humanity on the way from ‘unconscious, unconsidered
planning’ to ‘the natural plan’, i.e. the plan that is organizes life the way nature meant it
to be.
THE REGION WITHIN THE ORGANICIST PERSPECTIVE
Coherence – derived from natural regional structure
Legibility – correspondence between deep structure and surface appearance

functional relationship / occupation
esthetic effect (natural beauty)
Cultural Identity – like nature meant it to be / culture as second nature.

THE REGION WITHIN THE ORGANICIST PERSPECTIVE
Coherence – derived from natural regional structure
Legibility – correspondence between deep structure and surface appearance

functional relationship / occupation
esthetic effect (natural beauty)
Cultural Identity – like nature meant it to be / culture as second nature.
CRITIQUE
- Functional determinism
- The urban is multi-scalar (especially in a context of global rescaling)
- The urban is post-communautarian (from community to place based
solidarity)
From natural regions to regional/place based constructions

CITY
Positive Externality: from the city as growth machine to the right to the city
SPACE
MEANING: narrating the non-coincidence of space, management, use and meaning
DESIGN
BEYOND THE ORGANICIST PERSPECTIVE
Detaching evolutionary thinking from organicist thinking. Two different levels of making a
natural analogy
evolution: variation, selection, retention
(not necessarily pre-determined, cultural evolution)
organicism: correspondence between part and whole, structure and appearance
Within the organicist tradition both are linked – evolution leads to an organic natural state,
that is naturally beautiful.
A historical interpretation of regional occupation. From determinism to possibilism

Patrick Geddes, Our Social Inheritance, 1919
Cultural Evolution:
3 mechanisms of transfer ‘Heridity, Education, Heritage’
EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS
Variation: Innovation
Retention: Routines
Selection: Market competition
Equilibrium is the exception not the rule
Pathdependency:
Inertia: continuity within a path, routines, regimes of development
Contingency: unexpected advantages of historically evolved situations

the beginning of a path is always contingent
(if beginning is not contingent (not necesssary) one is still
following a previous path)
Innovation: path creation

CO-EVOLUTION OF OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE AND REGIONAL SUBSTRATE
Regional DNA (Boelens & Taverne)

Eg. Development within the Delta.
Governance structure which is the fruit of watermanagement bodies and the
necessary common pool resource management
BEYOND THE ORGANICIST PERSPECTIVE
Detaching evolutionary thinking from organicist thinking. Two different levels of making a
natural analogy
evolution: variation, selection, retention
organicism: correspondence between part and whole, structure and appearance
Within the organicist tradition both are linked – evolution leads to an organic natural state,
that is naturally beautiful.
A historical interpretation of regional occupation. From determinism to possibilism

Regional Possibilism (rather than determinism)
The historical regional geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache contains a
beginning of a reflection that looks beyond the region as the natural
planning unit. HISTORICAL POSSIBILISM...
Nature gives to men materials with their specific requirements that follow
their characteristics, their specific impossibilites as well, that lend
themselves to certain applications rather than others. In that she [nature] is
at times suggestive at times restrictive. In all case, nature is only acting as
an advisor. By creating instruments, man has followed a specific intention;
By dedicating himself more and more to the perfectioning of weapons and
tools [..], he has been guided by a desire for appropriation in light of a
determined goal. In the different environmental conditions in which he
found himself , once he had everything in hand to guarantee his existence,
he has dedicated all he had in terms of focus and ingenuity. [….]. There are
certainly uneven manifestations, different degrees of invention; however,
study of etnographic material shows signs of ingenuity everywhere, even in
the most restricted circles of ideas and needs.
Paul Vidal de la Blache, Principes de géographie humaine, 1921

BEYOND ORGANICISM
1. ANOTHER REGIONAL NARRATIVE: THE LAND AS PALIMPSEST

2. THE RETURN OF THE REGION
3. REGIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
André Corboz
The Land as Palimpsest [Le territoire comme palimpsest]

There are, in fact, as many definitions of the land [le territoire] as there
are disciplines associated with it: the jurists’ definition hardly deals with
any more than sovereignty and the various authorities accompanying
it. Developers, on the other hand, speak of factors as diverse as
geology, topography, technical infrastructures, productive capacity,
legal order, administrative organization, national accounting, service
networks, political risks and on and on, not only in the totality of their
conjunctions, but dynamically by virtue of a planning project.
The territory is not a given commodity; it results form various
processes. On the one hand there is spontaneous transformation: the
advance or retreat of forests and the ice cover, the extension of swamp
land or its drying up, the filling in of lakes and the formation of river
deltas […] On the other hand, there is also human activity: irrigation,
construction of roads, bridges and dikes, erection of hydroelectric
dams, digging canals, hollowing out of tunnels, terracing, land clearing
and reforestation, land improvement and even everyday agricultural
activity turn land into an unceasingly remodeled space.
It is not enough simply to declare that the territory is a result of a series
of more or less coordinated processes. It cannot be simply broken
down into a certain number of dynamic phenomena of a geo-climatic
type. As soon as a group of people occupy it (either in a light
manner, by gathering, or heavily, by extraction mining), they
establish a kind of developmental or planning relation with it, and
the reciprocal effects of this coexistence can be observed. In
other words, the land becomes the object of construction.
History […] has unfortunately created a wealth of incomplete territories
the definition of which has brought on tensions since their definition
does not meet the expectations of the ethnic group involved. In a small
number of particularly tragic cases, we can still see cases of ‘double
exposure’ (in the photographic sense of the term): the same
geographical area is claimed by two incompatible groups, working on
two contradictory projects […]. The dynamism of the phenomena of
formation and production is continued in the idea of a continuous
perfecting of the results until everything is combined. […]
Consequently the territory is a project.
This necessity for a collective relation to be experience between a
topographic surface and a population established in its folds permits
drawing the conclusion that there is no territory without imaginary
territory. A territory can be expressed in statistical terms (expanse,
altitude, average temperatures, gross production, etc.), but it cannot be
reduced to the quantitative. As a project the land is semanticized. It can
be parsed. It bears a name. Projections of all kinds are attached to it,
transforming it into a subject.
Among the possible relations to the shape of the territory, the last
centuries of the Ancient Regime developed two which were favored by
contemporaries of the industrial revolution: the map and the natural
landscape as object of contemplation. The two phenomena are
opposed in terms of their ends and their means because they
correspond to fundamentally differing ideas of nature.
The [map] underlay the development of the sciences which consider
“Nature” as a common good available to humanity which men can, and
even must, exploit for their own profit – in other words as an object.
The [landscape] considered that same nature as a sort of pedagogue of

the human soul, to the point that Romanticism, the Germanic kind
particularly, conceived of it as a mystic being which carried on an
unending dialogue with men – in other words, as a subject.
Profoundly utilitarian or even militarist in its orientation, it produced
admirable works, few of which are innocent. It began by describing with
a concern for exactness. Much later it heard the call of a philosopher
who urged his colleagues not only to interpret the world, but to
transform it. A new kind of map was born, that of the planners, which
anticipates change by prescribing them. “The land no longer has
precedence over the map, nor survives it; from now on the map
has precedence over the land” (Jean Baudrillard).
Heavy interventionist policies have created a multi-tiered land, not only
because of the material superposition of these networks, but aslso by
the differentiated systems of relation which they have instituted. Such a
juxtaposition determining two unconnected realities and the scarcity of
superhighway exits and rest areas emphasize it all the more.
the space of places
vs.
the space of flows
After two centuries during which land management had known no other
formula than that of the tabula rasa, a development concept was
designed which no longer considers the land as a quasi-abstract field of
operation, but as the result of a very lengthy and very slow
stratification which should be understood before acting.
The palimpsest
BEYOND ORGANICISM

Reasons for the return of the regional perspective
- Formation of the metropolitan region: disappearance of the town-country divide

dispersed urbanization
simultaneous landscapes – (in)compatibility of claims on the same territory
discrepancy between geographical extent of urbanization and
the administrative structures involved in territorial governance.
- De crisis of the landscape

The landscape as only remaining answer to provide coherence
- Key questions: water, mobility, energy, ecology, metabolic perspective
- ‘territorial project’?
translation of the techniques of the urban project to a territorial scale
translation of the regional perspective into concrete actions
AWB, The ambition of the territory, 2012
Labo S, West 8, Schelde-Lanschapspark. Altas van de regio, 2008


translation of the tecniques of the urban project to a territorial scale
tranlation of the regional perspective into concrete actions




Canal-Link Gebiedsstudie (OSA KULeuven & WVI)
Canal-Link Gebiedsstudie (OSA KULeuven & WVI)
BEYOND ORGANICISM

FROM NATURAL REGIONS TO THE REGION AS A (NARRATIVE) CONSTRUCT
Thomas Sieverts (Zwisschenstadt) speaks of three generations of territorial projects:
- Industrial revolution (cf. national unification of the territory)

- Welfare State (cf. the legacy of comprehensive planning)
- Reflexive modernity
REGIONAL CONSTRUCTS
Structure
the Counter frame (nederlands: contramal) of the open space structure:
different ways of constructing that counter-frame
Meekoppelende belangen / systems / flows
the biography of the landscape

REGIONAL CONSTRUCTS
Structure

Raymond Unwin, the Greater London Development Plan, 1929.
The Pattern and the Background
(a) Open space designed on a background of potential building land
(b) building areas designed on a background of open land
(c) Green Girdle reserved on a background of land with unlimited potential for building
(d) Diagram of satellites and areas for development on a background of open land.
Ontwerp Gewestplannen
Zoning mainly directed at facilitating development
No clear idea regarding the green structure
However, since the adoption of these plans the consensus not to develop
what was not zoned then has been reconfirmed. The yellow space as a possible project.
Xaveer De Geyter Architects : After-Sprawl, 2002
Infrastructure
Negative space
study model: north-south connection of negative space

Existing negative space elements

CAMOUFLAGE
BAS SMETS, 50.000 Logements Bordeaux
REGIONAL CONSTRUCTS
Structure

Meekoppelende belangen – linked interests
Combination of linked interests and possibilities of investment
The creation of territorial arrangement in light of effective actor arena’s that

may be able to deliver a coherent integrated solution.
Traditionally: housing and agriculture

New: Water and Infrastructure
The landscape that is barely changing serves as the casco (spatial frame): nature, foretst, water
The rapidly changing functions are projected in the space in between.
Functional links between frame and infill. (ecosystems services, productive landscapes etc.)
LAGENBENADERING (bv. nota ruimte)
-Occupatie, het ruimtegebruik, de functies, de

bebouwing, de publieke en private ruimte.
Tijdas waarover veranderingen zich voltrekken
veelal binnen 1 generatie: 10-40 jr.
- Netwerken, de zichtbare en onzichtbare

infrastructuur (wegen, rails,waterwegen en
havens, gas-, water, stroom- en tele-
comleidingen) in het landschap. Tijdas
waarover veranderingen zich voltrekken
20-100 jr.
-- Ondergrond, de morfologie van het land,

de bodemgesteldheid en het watersysteem.
Tijdas waarover veranderingen zich voltrekken
> 100 jr.
H+N+S,
Stelling van Amsterdam
H+N+S,
Erfgoed in combinatie met andere (hardere) thema’s
Koppeling met het drie gebieden

Rood – Groen (vijfde nota)
watervraagstuk drie dynamieken
H+N+S,
Schematische weergave van
het plan
In het noorden haakt de

Stelling aan bij de Beemster
(ook Werelderfgoed).
In het zuidoosten vormt ze

de grens van nieuwe
waterbergings- en
recreatiegebieden.
Waar de verstdelijkingsdruk
het hoogst is, in de
duinzonen en de
haarlemmermeer, krijgt ze
een smallere, strak
begerensde vorm.
H+N+S,
H+N+S,
H+N+S,
REGIONAL CONSTRUCTS
Structure

Biografie van het landschap
Vb. Koos Bosma

Ontwerp met een biografie van de Zandstad
‘Op welke wijze kunnen planner en ontwerpers historische dragers in hun

plannings- en ontwerprepertoire openemen en die in de
verstedelijkingsplannen voor de toekomst inbrengen?
[…]
De biografie is tegelijk concept en instrument en wordt ingezet om de switch
van het verleden naar de toekomst te maken via een tussentijdse bewerking
door historici, planners, ontwerpers en specialisten op het terrein van digitale
interractieve communicatie.’
Koos Bosma & Jan Kolen (red.) Geschiedenis en Ontwerp, 2010

http://www.zandstad.nl/
Bruno De Meulder, Steven
Hoornaert, Karina Van Herk (eds.)
Metamorfosen
Een ruimtelijke biografie van de regio
Kortrijk
Leiedal, 2011
http://www.recollectinglandscapes.be
In de foto van De Cleene heeft dit gebied een drastische
transformatie ondergaan. De vegetatie op de middenberm is
grotendeels gekapt, de lantaarnpalen zijn nogmaals veranderd en
de elektriciteitsleidingen liggen nu ondergronds. De voormalige
boomkwekerij is verkocht en heeft plaats geruimd voor een
verkaveling met eengezinswoningen waardoor de bebouwde kom
van Wetteren dichterbij komt. Het meest in het oog springen de
appartementsblokken links. Ze zijn een goed voorbeeld van de
‘verappartementisering’: door de vergrijzing van de bevolking en
gezinsverdunning is er een grote vraag naar kleinere woningen,
zowel in de steden als op het (voormalige) platteland.

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URBAN ANALYSIS

- City within the break between production and consumption

3 Oktober CITY The troubled legacy of Patrick Geddes

17 Oktober Laboratories of the Modern City + Chicago Shool

24 Oktober Positve externality + interpretative sandwich

31 Oktober Public space and other spaces

7 November SPACE Cities in Evolution

21 November Morphology: parcels roads buildings + the autonomy of form

28 November layers and tempos

5 December Networks and Systems

12 December DESIGN Use and the social construction of its meaning

Second assignment due January 5th

1. Place the case-study/project in context. Describe the background of the authors.

City can not be understood as a singular bounded territorial entity.

Decomposition of scales not as an organic puzzle in which part and whole

as a co-evolutionary multiscalar state of flux.

Understanding the territorial selections that are stabilized within different

Henri Lefebvre, La Revolution urbaine, 1970

"Pla Cerdà", 1859

‘Urbanisation can indeed be viewed, as a process of continuous

Future of the historical city Metropolitan area Reconversion of sprawl

REGION as the framework to think about questions of reterritorialization

Tension between Region as a naturalized planning unit

Urban analysis as part and parcel of a reflective effort to construct

Brussels 2040, Studio 010 + Karbon

1. THE REGION AND THE NATURAL PLAN

Doncaster Regional Planning Scheme, 1922

Cumbrian Regional Planning Scheme, 1932

Civic and Regional Survey

Bristol and Bath Regional Planning Scheme, 1930

1. THE REGION AND THE NATURAL PLAN

- The natural unit/natural nations: nation and region as one

Preface, Vaughan Cornish, Borderlands of Language in Euorpe, 1936

- The natural unit/natural nations: nation and region as one

Natural People (bound to a specific region)

Lebensraum (Ratzel) - Genre de Vie (Vidal de la Blache)

The surpassing of the natural/regional boundaries of human occupation,

Preface, G.H.J.Daysh, Studies in Regional Planning, 1949

Voorstel voor de herindeling

E.G.R. Taylor, Discussions on the geographical distribution of industry, 1938

E.G.R. Taylor, Discussions on the geographical distribution of industry, 1938

1. THE REGION AND THE NATURAL PLAN

Beauty as the indicator of ‘adjustment’ and ‘full correspondence’. The expression of

Coherence – derived from natural regional structure

Legibility – correspondence between deep structure and surface appearance

Cultural Identity – like nature meant it to be / culture as second nature.

Coherence – derived from natural regional structure

Legibility – correspondence between deep structure and surface appearance

Cultural Identity – like nature meant it to be / culture as second nature.

From natural regions to regional/place based constructions

A historical interpretation of regional occupation. From determinism to possibilism

Equilibrium is the exception not the rule

Inertia: continuity within a path, routines, regimes of development

Contingency: unexpected advantages of historically evolved situations

Innovation: path creation

CO-EVOLUTION OF OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE AND REGIONAL SUBSTRATE

Regional DNA (Boelens & Taverne)

A historical interpretation of regional occupation. From determinism to possibilism

Paul Vidal de la Blache, Principes de géographie humaine, 1921

1. ANOTHER REGIONAL NARRATIVE: THE LAND AS PALIMPSEST

The Land as Palimpsest [Le territoire comme palimpsest]

The [landscape] considered that same nature as a sort of pedagogue of

1. ANOTHER REGIONAL NARRATIVE: THE LAND AS PALIMPSEST