CASE STUDY

Kwame Polley 151290

Mbugua Njoroge 107582
Patrick Chinguwo 151299
Shuufar Ali 151315
Eleanor Larbie 151307
Christina Ndafenongo 151313
Paula Namusiitwa 15149
Lawrence Hoba 151294
Seno Namwandi 151308
Samba Sowe 151287
Lilian Ngundu 151550
QUESTIONS
1. What advice would you give in terms of technology
itself?
2. How are you going to find out about the technology
needed and what ways you will advice the
government to use in order to get that technology?
3. After the technology has been acquired what should
you advice the government to do in order the
acquired technology to be sustainable in your
country?
1. What advice would you give in
terms of technology itself?
 Background of the technology

 Diesel Compliance to Kyoto Protocol (CDM)

 Challenges of the Diesel generator

 Alternatives

 Alternatives Compliance to Kyoto Protocol

 BACKGROUND
What do Diesel
generators require?

 The generator itself

 Fossil Fuel i.e. Diesel

 Transformer

 Transmission and Distribution

Background on Kyoto Protocol
Early beginnings:

 The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement

adopted in 1987 to control the production and consumption
of specific man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone
layer, the earth’s protective shield.

 An agreement /mechanism to reduce and eliminate the

production and consumption of (ozone depleting
substances) ODS

 Developed and developing countries have different phase

out schedules

191 countries have signed the Montreal Protocol

 Early Beginnings
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFCCC (1992): A global legal instrument on the
control and management of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) not controlled by the Montreal Protocol
Adopted in 1992; entered into force in 1994
Aim: stabilization of GHG emissions at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system
Principle of “common but differentiated
responsibilities”
Affiliated instrument: Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Kyoto comes into force when 55% of the global CO2 emissions are covered by
Kyoto-ratifying countries

Kyoto took effect on Feb 16, 2005 after ratification by Russia

Brown = signed and ratified (dark brown = Annex 1 & 2)

Blue = signed and unratified (dark blue = withdrew, add Russia and Japan)
Kyoto Protocol
 Adopted in 1997; came into force in February 16, 2005
 Kyoto Protocol is an International treaty which extends the 1992
UN Framework convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) that
commits state parties to reduce gas emissions based on premise
that
 Global warming exists
 Man-made C02 emissions have caused it
 Compliance of Kyoto Protocol
 Article 2- Summarizes the guidelines that each party to the Kyoto
protocol needs to comply with. Relevant to this case:
iv. Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new
and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration
technologies and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound
technologies.

vii. Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not

controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector
 …continued.
 Article 3- provides that parties to the Protocol are to maintain
their greenhouse gases (GHG) to their quantified emission
limitation. It also defines the GHG according to Annex A:

 Participating countries that have ratified have committed to cut emissions

of not only carbon dioxide, but of also other greenhouse gases, being:

Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
…continued
 Article 12(2):

The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to

assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable
development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the
Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I achieving
compliance with their quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments under Article 3.

DIESEL USAGE DOES NOT COMPLY WITH THE KYOTO

PROTOCOL.
Challenges posed by Diesel
Generator
 Not cost effective (maintenance and repair) and poses high
burden on government budget.
 Negative impact on climate change (increases Carbon
footprint, Ozone layer depletion).
 Leading cause in many Respiratory diseases e.g. allergies,
pulmonary diseases and irritates the respiratory tract.
 Contributes to water pollution resulting in acid rain, polluted
water bodies (which causes other diseases e.g. diarrhea)
 Noise pollution.
 Highly dependent on International Market of Crude oil.
Other energy sources:
Advice in terms of chosen
technology
 Given the fact that Namibia (our country in focus)
experiences the highest levels of sunlight reception at an
average 3605 out of 4383hours per year, it is advisable for
the Government to use solar energy which, as highlighted
above, is the most environmentally sound technology.
 Solar technology is not only currently growing in importance
globally, but the costs of setting and maintenance as well as
the time needed to set up a functional power plant are
becoming lower and lower everyday
 Solar power plants can be set up in most parts of the country
unlike most of the other sources of energy
 Most solar power plants have a life-span of 20-30 years
2a.How are you going to find out about
the technology needed?
 As stated earlier, solar power technology is growing in global
importance due to its low impact on the environment with
special focus on the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol
 There are key global institutions that have repositories of
information on various energy options, including solar energy
technology.
 These include international level institutions like UNDP,
World Bank, IRENA (international Renewable Energy
Agency), UNEP
 Regional Institutions like Southern African Power Pool based
in Harare, Zimbabwe
…continued
 Identify countries that have successfully implemented solar
energy projects within Africa and globally and learn from their
success stories as well as the models they have used and
the partners they are working with
 For example in Africa, Namibia should take lessons from
South Africa where currently the installed Solar energy
capacity is 922 Megawatts with planned capacity of 8400MW
by 2030
 From South Africa, Namibia should identify the international
companies working in South Africa. One such identified
company is Abengoa based in Spain
…continued
 After identifying the companies, in this case for example
Abengoa, Namibia should check on their track records as
well as engaging them to see possible ways of cooperation.
 These ways of cooperation include Joint-Ventures, having
the companies operate independently or set up the power
plants for the government power company.
 The government can also use patent searches to investigate
best technologies that are affordable for solar energy
Available Solar Patents: ABENGOA
 The major identified international player, Abengoa holds in
total 162 patents in solar technology mainly related to
concentrating solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic
technology (PV).
 These include but are not limited to:
 Solar tracker with azimuthal rotation mechanism 23.04.15
 Panel-based solar receiver 22.01.15
 Configuration of the receivers in concentrated solar plants with
towers. 25.12.14
 Device and anchoring a support structure for solar collectors to
the ground. 30.10.14
2b.What ways you will advice
the government to use in order
to get that technology?
 The Namibian government can:
1. make use of international and regional funding agencies to
assist in the building of the plant: USAID, WORLD BANK,
AFDB
2. engage international and local private equity funders in a
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model
3. grant licenses to consortiums, who will build and operate
the solar power plants and sell power to the government
4. enter into Joint ventures with mainly the owners of the
technology.
 3. After the technology has been acquired
what should you advice the government to
do in order the acquired technology to be
sustainable in your country?

 There are various steps that Namibia needs to take to make the
Acquired Solar energy technology sustainable for the country
 Sustainability is variously defined as the ability to meet today’s goals
while not compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own goals.
 Sustainable energy is opportunity – it transforms lives, economies and
the planet”
 Critically, Namibia will have to ensure that Solar energy remains within
its ability to ensure environmental sustainability.
 This will involve undertaking comprehensive Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIAs) before, during and after acquisition and
installation
…continued.

 POLICY: Namibia needs to draft policies that are in line with

the global trends in Clean Energy.

 70th General Assembly of the UN declared the 7th

Sustainable Development Goal as follows:
 “Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and
opportunity the world faces today. Be it for jobs, security,
climate change, food production or increasing incomes,
access to energy for all is essential.
 7th SDG GOALS
 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the
global energy mix.

 By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to

clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy,
energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology,
and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy
technology

 By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying

modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing
countries, in particular least developed countries, small island
developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in
accordance with their respective programmes of support
…continued
 IMPLEMENTATION:
Technology Transfer- is the transfer of skills from institution to
another. Most effective when receiving country assembles it’s own
local resources adequately to use the new technology.

SPAIN  NAMIBIA
 Community engagement to ensure ownership of implemented
projects
For example in South Africa, The Government through IDC,
works with Abengoa and the specific communities in which the solar
plants are situated e.g. KaXu Community Trust
CONCLUSION:
 Based on the Kyoto Protocol, we recommend the The
Republic of Namibia use Solar energy as an alternative to
Diesel energy based on the various advantages and
availability of leading technologies, at relatively affordable
costs that exist.
REFERENCES
 Kyoto Protocol
 http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/
!THANK YOU!