Capacity Development on Gender Sensitivity

TRAINING OF TRAINERS
Department of Education
Division of Romblon
Calatrava NHS

N o e m i e G ra c e F. M o r te l

San Roque, Calatrava, Romblon

3rd to 4th of September 2018
III. Gender Socialization
Women are not born feminine.
Men are not born masculine.
Gender Roles are not inborn.
Gender roles are learned
beginning in childhood
through socialization.
 School
Church

Family Government

Workplace
Mass Media

Gender roles are taught,

sanctioned, maintained and
reinforced by social institutions.
 A c ti v i t y E x p o s u r e s

4
Gender
C a n a l i z a ti o n

Socialization Ve r b a l
A p p e l l a ti o n
Processes
M a n i p u l a ti o n
4 Processes of Gender Socialization
1. Activity Exposures
refers to the ways in which
a person is exposed to
activities that conform to
norms and practices that
reinforce appropriate gender
identification.
Children are encouraged to do different
things:
• Girls are expected to help their mother.
• Boys are encouraged to pursue outdoor
activities. (Oakley 1981)
4 Processes of Gender Socialization
2. Canalization
refers to the ways in which a person's
interests in conjunction with gender
are channeled as
deemed appropriate.
(Oakley 1981)
 4 Processes of Gender Socialization

3. Verbal Appellations
• use of language to tell
people what they are and
what is expected of them
For example, we use gender in
our praise
• “Good girl!”
• “Brave boy!”
(Oakley 1981)
4 Processes of Gender Socialization
4. Manipulation
refers to ways that deter or
encourage a person’s
behavior on the basis of
appropriateness in relation
to gender roles
• Parents encourage behavior that is normal for a child’s sex.
(Praise)
• Parents discourage behavior that is not normal for a child’s sex.
(Punishment)
(Oakley 1981)
Social Institutions: Family
Primary Gender
Socialization: parental
definitions of acceptable
behavior—which is
usually gendered, a
‘dichotomy’—is
internalized by children
early on and serves as a
foundation for all
subsequent interactions.
 color code

appearance code
toy code
toy code
play code
• Parents may be aware of these
differences in how girls and boys are
socialized, and try to raise children in non-
sexist ways.
• This is very difficult!
• Children get
information about
their gender from
other agencies of
socialization.
Social Institutions: School
• Secondary Socialization: occurs
in later childhood
• Although boys and girls study the
same thing, they learn to behave
differently.
• Teachers treat boys and girls
differently
• Teaching materials help to
reinforce the difference.
Gender Roles in
Instruction Materials
• Women and men are
identified with
stereotypical attributes:
• Males as brave, heroic,
strong, masculine
• Female- caring, loving
and kind, feminine
• Older science text books
show pictures of only
boys doing experiments.
Gender expectations in the selection of courses…
 Social Institutions: Church

…. reinforces
gender
stereotypes
through religious
teachings,
doctrines and
symbols
• Religion (particularly Islam and Christianity) can lay out
very different roles for men and women.
• The Prophets and Holy people are nearly always men.
• God is nearly always a man.
Social Institutions: Workplace

… gender roles in
relation to
occupation and pay
… balance of work
and family life
Social Institutions: Mass Media
• TV, films, magazines, books and
music all influence gender roles.
• Many reinforce gender roles,
perpetuate stereotypes,
commodify women’s bodies,
portray women as docile
homemakers and men as
aggressive beings
• Men and boys are often portrayed
as active and heroes of adventure
• While girls are often shown to be
less active and needing boys to
help them/save them.
 Social Institutions:
Mass Media

http://pinoybizsurfer.blogspot.com/2011/07/
kapuso-leading-ladies-magazine-covers.html
Social Institutions: The
Government

… Creates laws and policies

that perpetuates the
maintenance of the
patriarchal system.
• Instrumental in passing
laws that are
discriminatory to women
and other gender identities
and sexual orientations.
26
Peer groups
• Friends are important
with how people act
and see themselves.
• Friends can tell what
is appropriate for
one’s gender.
• Those who do not fit
into their gender role
may get called names
and bullied.
 As a result of differentiated gender roles…

Females and males have…

different, specific
skills
What is
wrong
different life experiences with
different concerns, that?
needs,
priorities,
vulnerabilities.
 Gender Division of Labor
Productive-Reproductive Divide
Productive Reproductive

• work • child birth/rearing

• politics • home management
• family care
• paid • unpaid
• visible • invisible
• valued • not valued
Gender Roles
• In almost all societies, these
different roles usually result
to differences and inequalities
between women and men in
responsibilities assigned,
activities undertaken, access
to and control over resources,
as well as decision-making
opportunities.
• These have implications for
life choices and chances.
Of 1.3 billion people living in poverty

60%
of them
are
women
and
girls.
-UNDP
-UNDP (2011)

Image Source: http://celebratethewind.com/70_percent.jpg