Membrane digestion &

absorption
 Membrane digestion
Goes in succession in three zones:
In mucus
In glycocalyx
On the apical membrane of enterocytes
Was discovered by prof. Ugolev A.M.
 Ugolev experiment

Amylase+ Amylase+ Amylase+

starch starch starch
48-52 h +intestine piece +boiled intestine piece
3-4 h 48-52 h
 Blood vessels
villae
lymphatic capillaries
epithelium

muscels
Nervous fibres
 Sponsored
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USMLE Exam (America) – Practice

Substrates depolymerization
I the cavity & on the surface
of the intestines
Membrane with
adsorbed enzymes

МФ – memnbrane enzymes
ПФ – pancreatic enzymes
КЦФ – active centers of enzyme
РЦФ – regulatory
centers of enzymes
ТСМ – membrane transport syst
 Brush boarder region
0,01-0,02 10-6 m microvilli –
Up to 3000 on one
1-2мкм enterocyte – increase
the square up to
30 times

Membrane enzymes

Enzymes active centers

 Enteral medium
• Thin water film above the glycocalics
which isn’t mixed up
• Its content is homeostated

Enteral cavity
water film
blood
 Characteristic properties of
membrane digestion
1. Large catalytic surface
2. Highly effective
3. Sterile
4. Closely connected with absorption
 Enzymes
• Secreted by enterocytes
• Fixed on the apical membrane of the
enterocyte
• On enterocyte destruction get into
glycocalyx, mucus & enteric juice
• Break down olygo- & dimers to form
monomers
Membrane digestion and
absorption
Absorption in small
intestine
 absorption
• Это сложный физиологический процесс
проникновения различных веществ через
биологическую мембрану в кровь и лимфу
• В результате организм получает
питательные вещества, воду, соли,
витамины и лекарственные вещества
Methods of studying
absorption in the
intestines
 Acute methods
Lymphatic vessels studying

vividiffusion
v. portae

печень

solution
 Chronic methods
Isolated loop of small intestine

Thiry’s mehod Thiry-Vella method

 1.Polyfistule method
skin
intestine 2.London’s angiostomy
- Fistula of vena
cava

fistuli
 macrovilli

Macrovilli & cript are structural &

functional component of intestine
 Blood vessels
villae
lymphatic capillaries
epithelium

muscels
Nervous fibres
 Macrovilli contents
• arteriola
• Capillary net
• venula
• Lymphatic capillary
• Muscle fibres
• Nervous ending
• Enterocytes with brush boarder
• Surface of absorption is about 200 m2
 macrovilli

Dissolved in wate
water substances

arteries veins
 Types of transport
passive: Active
• filtration • Primary active
• osmosis (sodium-potassium
• diffusion pump)
Goes along the gradients • Secondary active
created by macrovilli
(glucose & amino
contraction acids transport)
15-20 ml of fluid is
absorbed per 1 minute
 enterocyte
Renewed very quickly
Non-differentiated cylindrical cells rise up
from cripts to the top of the villi in 24-36
hours
 Blood supply of small intestine
• Upper mesenterical artery
• Coeliac artery
• Lower mesenterical artery
Small intestines get 10-15% of Q (MBF)
400 ml/min

5% 20%
75%
submucous muscle layer
mucous
During digestion blood supply increases by 30-130%
750 ml/min
 jejunum ileum Large intestines

permeability
p
e
r
 Via cells
active •Protein-carrier
•Energy requering

Via cell gaps

•diffusion
•convection
passive

Via cells
•diffusion
•convection
 Water transport
Goes via gaps between the enterocytes
along the gradients:
• Hydrostatic
• Osmotic (created additionally by sodium
absorption)
• Dissolved in water substances are
absorbed
 Water can be secreted from blood
into the intestinal cavity
1. Active secretion of anions
2. Decrease of active absorption
3. High osmotic pressure in the intestinal
cavity
4. Increased hydrostatic pressure in the serose
layer
5. Increased permeability of intracellular gaps
for ions
Dehydroxyle derivatives of bile acids & laxatives increase
permeability of intracellular junctions.
Magnesium sulphate increases osmotic pressure in the
intestinal cavity

Hydrostatic
pressure

“leaking” junction
Bacterial toxins Hormones
(Cholera toxin, (prostaglandies,
coletoxin) secretin, VIP)

C-AMP
Calcium concentration in the enterocytes changes,
Chlorine permeability increases

Chlorine gets into the cavity,

sodium follows along the electrical gradient ,
water follows along the osmotic gradient
 Proteins
• 70-90 g per day with food 60 г белка с
пищеварителными соками ( ферменты и
энтероциты).
• В полости 30% расщепляется до
нейтральных и основных АК – 70% до
олигопептидов
• Ологипептиды расщепляются до АК в
щеточной кайме (10%) и в цитоплазме
Digestion & absorption of proteins
 Amino acids absorption
• Goes in duodenum (50-60%) & jejunum
(30%) by means of secondary active sodium
dependent transport
• Protein-carriers are selective for:
Neutral АA
Двухосновных АA
Dicarbonic АA
Glycin
 Carbohydrates
Daily dose 250-280 g:
• 60% vegetable starch
• 30% saccharase
• 10% lactose, glucose, fructose, glycogen
Enzymes:
• In the cavity – alpha-amylaze
• On the villi – olygosacharidazes:
lactatdehydrogenaze (lactase), glycosidase
 Lactase deficit
• In Europe – 15% of population
• In Africa – 80% of population
• In Muslim states of India – 15% of population
• In Hindu states of India– 80% of population

Lactose increases osmotic pressure in the cavity

& can cause dyarhea
 Transport of carbohydrates
monomers
Monomers:
• Glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose
Absorbed by means of secondary active
sodium dependent transport in
duodenum (30%) & jejunum (50-60%)
Scheme of secondary active
transport
Apical membrane

glucose
Na
+

К+

Basilar membrane
ATP
Na+
 Fats
• 60-100 g of fat per day
90% of them are thryglcerides
5-7 g are excreted with faeces
• Emulsified in duodenum (fat drop in stomach
is 100 nm in diameter, I the intestines – 5 nm)
• Absorbed in the form of fine emulsions or
micells with bile acids 95% in duodenum
Lipids absorption

lipid chilomicrone lymph

TG lipoproteins

Bile acid blood

Relative volumes of absorption
Duodenum jejunum ileum
30 сm 120 сm 130 сm

95% fats

Amino acids
50% 30%

glucose
30% 50-60%
 Large intestine
Absorption is completed here & faeces are
formed:
• 400 g of chyme per day enters from small
intestine
• 150-200 g of faeces is formed – 70-80% of
water; 20-30% of dry matter (cellulose, non-
organic substances; fats)
• The number of microorganisms is
exceptionally great— up to tens of milliards
per kg of contents.