3,4,5 IT Infrastructure

Lecture 3,4: Information
Technology Infrastructure
2
Study questions
Q1 What do business professionals need
to know about computer hardware?
Q2 What do business professionals need to
know about software?
know about database & database
processing?
know about data communication?
BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

3
Q1 What do business
professionals need to know
about computer hardware?

4
basic hardware categories
 hardware consists
of electronic
components and
related gadgetry
that input, process,
output, and store
data according to
instructions
encoded in
computer programs
Source: textbook [1], pg 96
or software

5
Computer Data
 Computers represent data using binary
digits, called bits.
A bit is either a 0 or a 1
 Bits are grouped into 8-bit chunks
called bytes.
 Computer data, whether numbers,
alphabetic characters or photos, are
simple a string of bits.

Computer Data - Important Storage-Capacity Terminology 6
Approximate
Term Definition
# of Bytes
Number of bits to represent
Byte (B)
one character
Kilobyte (KB) 210 bytes 1 thousand
Megabyte (MB) 220􏰁 or 1,048,576 bytes 1 million
Gigabyte (GB) 230􏰁 or 1,073,741,824 bytes 1 billion
240 or 􏰁 1,099,511,627,776
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion
bytes
Petabyte (PB) 250 bytes 1 quadrillion
Exabyte (EB) 260 bytes 1 quintillion
Zettabyte (ZB) 270 bytes 1 sextillion
Yottabyte (YB) 280 bytes 1 septillion
7
How does a computer work?
 CPU transfers a program or data from a storage disk to main
memory.
 CPU moves a program instruction (câu lệnh) from main memory
into the CPU via the data channel, or bus.
 Cache memory, part of CPU, is very fast memory used to store
frequently used instructions in order to speed up processing.
 Main memory contains operating system (OS), a program that
controls computer’s resources, and blocks data and instructions.
 Main memory too small to hold all the program code and data
needed for processing, so operating system loads programs into
memory in chunks. Then, uses memory swapping to move chunks
of instructions and data in and out of main memory.

8
How does a computer work?

Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works? 9
 Depending on employee’s tasks and apps needed, you

can:
 Order computers with varying sizes of main memory.
 improve computer performance by adding more memory
 order computers with CPUs of different speeds (E.g. 1.5
Gigahertz)
 Example:
  for An employee who does only simple tasks
 1GB RAM, a 32-bit, 1.5 Gigahertz CPU.
  an employee who processes many programs at the same
time/large files:
 >3GB RAM, a 64-bit, dual processor with >3.5 Gigahertz
What Is the Difference Between a Client and a Server 10

11
Client and Server
 Client computers
 computers used by an individual for word
processing, spreadsheets, database access,
etc.
 most client computers have software that
enables them to connect to a private network
at work or school, or to the public Internet.
 Server computers
 provide some service (such as email; serving
pages on a website; processing large, shared
databases; or other functions) to multiple
users.

12
Client and Server
 A typical server:
 must be fast and have multiple CPUs
 needs lots of main memory, at least 4GB
 requires very large disks – often a terabyte or
more
 Because servers are almost always accessed

from another computer via a network:
 have limited video displays, or no display at all
 many have no keyboard

13
Client and Server
Server farm
 An organised collection of servers
 Servers in a farm coordinate their activities in a sophisticated and fascinating
technology dance.
 Servers receive and process hundreds, possibly thousands, of service requests
per minute:
 in December 2005, Amazon.com processed an average of 41 order items
per second for 24 hours straight.
 Servers in a farm hand off (chuyển giao) partially processed requests to each
other while keeping track of (theo dõi) the current status of each request:
 they can pick up the pieces (mảnh vỡ) when a computer in the farm fails
 all of this is done in the blink of an eye (trong nháy mắt).

14
A Server farm

15
Grid
Grid computing (Điện toán lưới)
 A network of computers that operates as an integrated
whole; the grid appears to be a single computer.
 Grid may support a server farm, or some other
computing need.
 Organisations lease time on a grid from other
organisations that create, support and manage that
grid, e.g.
 IBM leases time on a grid for applications that
require intensive arithmetic computing
 alsoleases time on a special-purpose grid to
archive medical records.

16
Cloud computing
Cloud computing (provide a service on Internet)
 Refers to a computing network on the Internet.
 When you access a video from a site, such as
Facebook, you are accessing computing
services in the cloud:
 you don’t know which server is processing
your Facebook requests or which server is
playing the video
 you just know that somewhere in the cloud
one or more servers is causing the video to
be downloaded to your computer.

17
Q2 What do business
about software?

18
Basic categories of software

19
Important software constraints
A particular version of an operating
system is written for a particular type
of hardware.
For example:
 Microsoft Windows works only on processors from Intel
and companies that make processors that conform to
the Intel instruction set (the commands that a CPU can
process)
 32-bit version of Windows run only on Intel computers
with 32-bit CPUs and the 64-bit version of Windows
runs only on Intel computers with 64-bit CPUs
 Linux has different versions for different instructions
sets and for both 32- and 64-bit computers

20
Important software constraints
 Application programs are written to use
a particular operating system
For example:
 Microsoft Access runs only on Windows
operating systems
 some applications come in multiple versions,
e.g.
 Windows and Macintosh versions of
Microsoft Word.

21[1],
Four major operating systems Source:
pg 105
textbook

22
Own versus license
 License
 right to use a program, but not own it
 Site licence
– Flat fee to install software product on all
company computers or all computers at a
specific site.
 Open Source
– No license fee.

23
Virtualization (Ảo hóa)
 Virtualization: the process by which one computer hosts
the appearance of many computers
 One operating system, called the host operating system
runs one or more operating systems as applications.
 Those hosted operating systems are called
virtual machines (vm)
 Each VM has disk space and other resources allocated to it
 Host operating system controls activities of virtual machines to
prevent them from interfering with one another.
 Three types of virtualization exist:
 • PC virtualization
• Server virtualization
• Desktop virtualization

24
How Virtual Machine Example

What Types of Applications Exist, and How Do 25
Organizations Obtain Them?
Application software
 performs a service or function
 some are general purpose, such as Microsoft

Excel, Access or Word
 others provide specific functions, e.g.

QuickBooks provides general ledger and other
accounting functions.

What Types of Applications Exist, and How Do 26
Organizations Obtain Them?

categories of application programs 27
Horizontal-market application software

 provides capabilities common across all organisations and industries
 used in a wide variety of businesses, across all industries
 purchased off-the-shelf (mua sẵn), and little customisation of
features (tùy chỉnh các tính năng) is necessary (or possible).
Vertical-market application software

 serves needs of a specific industry
 usually can be altered or customised
One-of-a-kind application software

 developed for a specific, unique need.

How do organizations acquire application software? 28
 Off-the-shelf-software
(Phần mềm có sẵn)
 Off-the-shelf with alterations software
(Sẵn có với phần mềm thay đổi)
 Tailor-made or custom-developed software
(Phần mềm được thiết kế riêng hoặc phát triển tùy chỉnh)

Open Source Software 29
 GNU (stands for ‘GNU Not Unix’)

 GNU general public license (GPL) agreement
 one of the standard licence agreements for
open source software
 Successful open source projects:
 OpenOffice (a Microsoft Office look-alike)
 FireFox (a browser)
 MySQL (a DBMS)
 Apache (a web server)
 Ubuntu (a Windows-like desktop operating system)
 Android (a mobile-device operating system)

30
How Does Open Source Work?
Closed-source or pr
oprietary software
Machine code source code is not
Source cod : Source code available to users
e is compiled or public. Only
: Human into available to trusted
readable instructions employees and
computer executed carefully vetted
directly by
code a computer’s contractors.
CPU
Open-source softwa
re
Software available to users
in source code
form.

31
Source code sample

How Can You Use This Knowledge? 32
 to make some decisions about which

products you use
 As a manager, you will be involved in
creating or approving hardware budgets

What buying decisions do you make? 33
 Business managers play a role in the specification of

client hardware and software for employees they
manage.
 The particular role depends on the policy of the
manager’s organisation.
 Goal: to select the hardware and
software that will meet requirements
at the minimum total system cost.

Sources of System Costs


A Business Manager’s Role in Hardware and Software Specifications


What Process Should You Use to Establish a Computer Budget?
36
A Process for Preparing a

Departmental IT Budget

37
Q3 What do business professionals

need to know about database &
database processing?

What Is the Purpose of a Database? 38
 It keeps track of things.

A spreadsheets can do it also, but they
still have disadvantages

39
spreadsheets
Spreadsheets
combine
• Storage
• Logic
• Processing
• Display

40
Spreadsheets
 They also keep track of things.
 They are mostly associated with single
user applications, as soon as you need
to share data the possibility of error
increases

41
Spreadsheets - Problems
Spreadsheet Used
for Assignment of
Sheet Music
Source: textbook
[1], pg 164
Data redundancy A lot of data is duplicated.

Inefficiency Searching records, changing
Inconsistency Different values in same field
Integrity Data can disappear.

Data Shown from a Database 42
Student Data has

multiple themes:
• student grades
• student emails
• student office
visits

43
General Rule
 Listsof data involving a single theme
can be stored in a spreadsheet
 lists
that involve data with multiple
themes require a database
the purpose of a database is to

keep track of things that involve
more than one theme.

44
What is a Database?
 Database:
 A self-describing collection of integrated
records
 In databases, bytes are grouped into
columns, such as Student Number and
Student Name. Columns are also called
fields. Columns or fields, in turn, are
grouped into rows, which are also called
records.

45
Characters, Fields, and Records

46
Hierarchy of Data Elements

47
Structure of a Database
Metadata describes the structure of the Database, what

values are allowed, who can access it, what can be deleted

48
Relationships Among Rows

49
Relationship Special Terms
 Key
 A column or group of columns that identifies a
unique row in a table.
 Student Number is the key of the Student table.
 Every table must have a key.
 Sometimes more than one column is needed to
form a unique identifier. In a table called City, for
example, the key would consist of combination of
columns (City, State).

50
Relationship Special Terms
 Foreign keys
 These are keys of a different (foreign)
table than the table in which they reside.
 Relational databases
 Relationships among tables are created by
using foreign keys.
 Relation
 Formal name for a table

What Is a Database Management System (DBMS)? 51
 Program used to create, process, and

administer a database.
 Licensed from vendors such as IBM
(DB2), Microsoft (Access and SQL
Server), Oracle (Oracle Database), and
others.
 MySQL - open source.

52
Processing the Database
Four DBMS operations
1. Read
2. Insert
3. Modify
4. Delete data

53
Processing the Database
• Structured Query Language - SQL
(see-quell)
– International standard
– Used by most popular DBMS
INSERT INTO Student

([Student Number], [Student Name], HW1,
HW2, MidTerm)
VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90,
95, 100)

54
Administering the Database
 Used to set up a security system involving
user accounts, passwords, permissions, and
limits for processing.
 Permissions can be limited in very specific
ways.
 Backing up database data, adding structures
to improve performance of database
applications, removing unwanted data.
 most organizations dedicate one or more
employees to the role of database
administration

55
Database Administration Tasks
Source: textbook
[1], pg 142

Elements of Database Applications 56
Elements Functions
View data;, insert new, update existing,

Forms
and delete existing data
Structured presentation of data using
Reports sorting, grouping, filtering, and other
operations
Search based upon data values
Queries
provided by the user
Provide security, data consistency, and
Application
special purpose processing, e.g., handle
Programs
out-of-stock situations

How do applications make databases more useful? 57
Source: textbook
[1], pg 143

58
Example of a Student Report
Sample Query
Form Used to
Enter Phrase for Sample Query
Search Results of Query
Operation

59
How Are Data Models Used

for Database Development?

Components of the Entity-Relationship Data Model 60
• Something users want to track

Entities • Order, customer, salesperson, item,
volunteer, donation
• Describe characteristics of an entity
Attributes • OrderNumber, CustomerNumber,
VolunteerName, PhoneNumber
• Uniquely identifies one entity instance

Identifier from other instances
• Student_ID_Number

61
Student Data Model Entities

62
Example of Department, Adviser, and
Student Entities and Relationships

Sample of Relationships―Version 1 63
Crow’s
Feet
1:N N:M
Source:
One department can An Adviser ma
textbook [1],
pg 149 have many advisers, have many
but an adviser may be students, and one
in only one student may many
department advisers

Sample of Relationships─Version 2 64
“Crow’s
Foot”
Source:
N:M 1:N
textbook [1], A department has A student has
pg 149 many advisors, and only one advisor,
an advisor may but an adviser
advise for more than may advise many
one department students

65
Crow’s-Foot Diagram Version
Maximum cardinality─maximum number of

entities involved in a relationship. Vertical bar on
a line means that at least one entity is required.
Source:
textbook [1],
pg 150 Minimum cardinality—minimum number of
entities in a relationship. Small oval means entity
is optional; relationship need not have an entity
of that type.

How Is a Data Model Transformed into a Database Design? 66
• Normalization
 Converting
poorly structured tables into two
or more well-structured tables.
• Goal
 Constructtables with data about a single
theme or entity.
• Purpose
 To minimize data integrity problems.

67
Data Integrity Problems
• Data integrity problems produce incorrect
and inconsistent information, users lose
confidence in information, and the
system gets a poor reputation.
• Can only occur if data are duplicated.

Poorly Designed Employee Table Causes Data Integrity 68
Problem

69
Two Normalized Tables
Single
Themes

70
Summary of Normalization

71
Representing 1:N Relationships

Representing an N:M Relationship: Strategy for Foreign Keys 72

the Users’ Role in the Development of Databases? 73
 Users are the final judges of:

 What data database should contain.
 How tables should be related.
 Users review data model to ensure it
accurately reflects users’ view of the
business.
 Mistakes will come back to haunt them.

74
Q4 What do business
about data communication?

What do business professionals need to know about data 75
communication?
 What Is a Computer Network?

 What Are the Components of a LAN?
 What Are the Alternatives for Connecting
to a WAN?
 What Are the Fundamental Concepts You
Should Know About the Internet?
 What Processing Occurs on a Typical Web
Server?
 How Do Organizations Benefit from Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs) and Firewalls?

76
Computer Network
A computer network: collection of
computers that communicate with one
another over transmission lines or
wirelessly.
 Basic types:

77
Components of a LAN?

Wired Connectivity 78
optical fiber
Gateway
Cables
Switch

Wireless Connections 79
 The wireless computers and printer

have a wireless NIC (WNIC) instead of a
NIC
 the WNIC devices connect to an access
point
 processes
wireless traffic and
communicates with the wired switch

80
LAN Protocols
 Protocol is a set of rules that programs on two
communicating devices follow
 Wired LAN connections use the IEEE 802.3
protocol (Ethernet):
 specifies hardware characteristics (e.g. which wire
carries which signals)
 describes how messages are to be packaged and
processed
 Wireless LAN connections use the IEEE 802.11
protocol
 Bluetooth is another common wireless protocol

WAN 81
Source: www.diytechfactory.com

WAN 82
 Sitesobtain connection capabilities

from another company licensed by the
government to provide communications
(Internet Service Provider – ISP)
 ISP functions:
 Provides a legitimate Internet address
 serves as gateway to the Internet
 pay for the Internet by collecting money
from customers and paying access fees and
other charges to telecoms

Alternatives for Connecting to a WAN 83
1. A DSL (digital subscriber line) line

2. cable TV line
3. a wireless-phone-like connection
How?
 Modem (DSL modem, cable modems):
converts digital data to analog signal
 that analog signal is then sent over the
telephone line, TV cable, or air

Summary of LAN and WAN Networks 84

What Are the Fundamental Concepts You Should Know About 85
the Internet?
 Internet: a network of networks

 How does the Internet work?
 The protocols used on the Internet are
arranged according to TCP/IP Protocol
(TCP/IP) architecture

The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 86
Source:
textbook [1],
pg 179
Another model of TCP/IP Protocol Architecture:

Note:
DARPA model (4 layers : Application, Transport, Internet,
and Network Interface)

 Application-Layer Protocols
 Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP): used
between browsers and Web servers
 HTTPS: secure version of HTTP
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
used for email transmissions
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): used to
move files over the Internet

 TCP and IP Protocols

 manage traffic as it passes across an
internet from one network to another.
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
provide reliable internet transport
 IP (Internet Protocol): specifies the
routing of the pieces of your message
through the networks

IP Addressing 89
 Public IP Addresses
 Identifies particular device on public
Internet.
 Public IP addresses unique, worldwide.
 Assignment controlled by ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers).
 Private IP Addresses
 Identifies particular device on a private
network.

90
IP Addressing
Major benefits
 Public IP
 Devices on LAN share a public IP address.
 Private IP
 Neednot register computer with ICANN-
approved agencies.
 Assignment controlled within the LAN.

Public IP Addresses and Domain Names 91
 IPv4
 Four decimal dotted notation like
165.193.123.253
 Domain name
 Worldwide-unique name affiliated with a public
IP address.
 Affiliation of domain names with IP addresses is
dynamic.
 Example: www.ueh.edu.vn
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Example: http://www.ueh.edu.vn

Processing Occurs on a Typical Web Server?92
Three-Tier Architecture

How Do Organizations Benefit from Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and Firewalls?
93
 Virtual Private Network

 uses the Internet to create the appearance
of of a private connection
 A Typical VPN

94
Firewalls
A firewall is a computing device that
prevents unauthorized network access

95
Summary
Q1 What do business professionals need
to know about computer hardware?
know about software?
know about database & database
processing?
know about data communication?

96
Additional resources
 Videos:
 Cloud computing explained on the white bo
ard
 Communication Devices
 How does the Internet work?

3,4,5 IT Infrastructure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3,4,5 IT Infrastructure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 3,4: Information

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Source: textbook [1], pg 99

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 Depending on employee’s tasks and apps needed, you

Source: textbook [1], pg 100

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 Because servers are almost always accessed

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Source: textbook [1], pg 101

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Source: textbook [1], pg 104

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Source: textbook [1], pg 107

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 some are general purpose, such as Microsoft

 others provide specific functions, e.g.

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Source: textbook [1], pg 109

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Horizontal-market application software

Vertical-market application software

One-of-a-kind application software

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 GNU (stands for ‘GNU Not Unix’)

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Source: textbook [1], pg 113

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 to make some decisions about which

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 Business managers play a role in the specification of

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Sources of System Costs

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A Business Manager’s Role in Hardware and Software Specifications

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A Process for Preparing a

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Q3 What do business professionals

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 It keeps track of things.

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Data redundancy A lot of data is duplicated.

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Student Data has