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Introduction
Drawing conclusion from raw data is very difficult technically, which is also called ungrouped
data.
Through statistics the data can be grouped in many meaningful ways. Data presentation in
frequency distribution is known as grouped data.
Once the data is grouped, it becomes easier to pick out the patterns and to draw the logical
conclusion out of it.
To condense the mass of data in such a manner that similarities and dissimilarities are readily
apprehended and relationship studied.
To facilitate comparison.
To enlighten the important information while giving less prominence to insignificant items.
To present the complex, scattered data in a concise, logical and understandable form.
Essentials of a good classification
Classification is done in such a way so that entire data is covered and not even a single item is left unclassified.
Each item of the data should belong only to one class by avoiding overlapping.
It should be flexible.
Simple
Manifold
Quantitative Classification
If the data is classified on the basis of some quantitative information the classification is known as
quantitative
0-20 10
20-40 20
40-60 35
60-80 32
80-100 3
Chronological Classification
When the data is classified on the basis of time it is known as chronological classification. The
data is also known as time series:
Example:
If the data are classified on the basis of some attributes or quality (descriptive
characteristics) such as gender, literacy, beauty, honesty, intelligence, religion,
education, color of hair etc. The classification is called qualitative classification.
“In this type of classification, the attribute under study cannot be measured but its
presence or absence can be found or felt”. This type of classification is called
Simple or Dichotomous or Two-fold classification.
Two fold Classification
Population
Males Females
Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is any device such as a graph or table that displays the values that
the variable can assume along with the frequency of occurrence of these values either
individually or as they are grouped into a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive intervals
Class Intervals
Class intervals are contiguous non-overlapping intervals selected in such a way that they
are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
Formation of Frequency Distribution
The number of times a value occurs in a series is called the frequency of that value and the
arrangement obtained by mentioning the frequency against each value in the series is called
frequency distribution.
Value 3 5 6 8 7
Frequency 2 3 2 6 4
Types of frequency Distributions
3 1
4 1
6 2
8 3
1 3
Grouped Frequency Distribution
In this, the various items of a series are classified into groups or classes. The
lowest and highest values that can be included in a class or group are called
class limits. The lowest value is known as lower limit and the highest value
is known as the upper limit.
The width of the class is known as class interval, the number of items
falling within the range of the class interval is called the frequency of that
class.
Open and Close Ended Classes
An open end or undetermined class is a class in which either the lower limit or the upper limit
is missing. In general it is applied to more than or less than type classification.
However in practice they are generally avoided because open end classes make it difficult to
calculate certain statistical measure like arithmetic mean.
For example
In exclusive classes the upper limit of the class is excluded from the
particular class and in Inclusive class distribution the upper limit of
the classes is included in the particular class.
Exclusive Type Interval Arrangement
0-10 15
10-20 17
20-30 22
30-40 23
40-50 30
50-60 39
Exclusive Class Distribution
Find the difference between the upper limit of any class and the lower limit
of the next class.
Subtract the fraction obtained in step 2 from the lower limit of all the classes
and add the same fraction to the upper limit of all the classes.
Converting Inclusive Interval in Exclusive
In the previous example the difference between the upper limit of the first class and the lower limit
of the second class is 10 – 9 =1. Half of this difference is ½ = 0.5. Hence the previous data can be
modified as
Where;
A Perfect Table
Table -1
Marks of Students in Statistics (Section A)
00 – 10 5
10 – 20 12
20 – 30 22
30 – 40 11
40 – 50 3
Figure -1
(IDBI Bank Stock Price Movement on 09.07.2019)
Pareto Chart