Computer Graphics

IT-673 IT 7th
Chapter 1 Introduction of GC
Instructor: Raheel Sarwar

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 Object
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eel Sarw

Introduction to Computer Graphics; display memory;

tor: Rah

generation of points, vectors, shapes, objects, etc.;

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ter Grap
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raster and geometric graphics; interactive and passive

graphics; graphics peripherals; analog and digital images
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and analog/digital conversion; mathematics of 2-D and3-D

transformations; applications in animation, computer aided
design and instruction; hypertext and multimedia; dialog
design; user-interface.

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 Courses Outline
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• Overview of the graphics process: Computer Graphics Basics, Applications of graphics,

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• Interactive graphics programming, graph plotting, windows and clipping, and

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segmentation.
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•
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Graphics hardware: Output Devices, Input Devices, Processing Devices

• Fundamental algorithms: Line Drawing Algorithms, Programming raster display systems,
• panning and zooming, Raster algorithms and software, scan-Converting lines, characters
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andcircles, Region filling and clipping, rendering, shading, colour and animation.
• 2D and 3D geometric transformations: Scaling, Rotation, other basic transformations
• Two dimensional viewing: viewing pipeline, clipping, and windowing.
• Three dimensional viewing: viewing pipeline, viewing parameters, projections, viewing
• transformations, clipping, visible surface detection, 3D to 2D projections and camera
• transformation
• Parametric curves and surfaces: Bezier, B-Spline, Curve and surface design
• Introduction to illumination models and surface rendering
• Animation techniques: tweening, double buffering, scene graph manipulation.

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 Object
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Sessional Marks: 25 Marks

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Quiz 5 Marks
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Project 5 Marks
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Assignment 5 Marks
Presentation 5 Marks
class participation 5 Marks

Mid Semester Exam: 25 Marks

Final Semester Exam: 50 Marks
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 1) Computer Graphics, Principles and Practice, J.
D. Foley, A. van Dam, S. K. Feiner and J F.

Reference Hughes,

Materials 2)Addison-Wesley Computer Graphics, F.S.Hill,

Books Maxwell MacMillan

3)Computer Graphics with OpenGL, 3rd Edition,

Hearn and Baker, Pearson Prentice Hall

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 What is computer graphics?
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• The computer graphics is one of the most effective and commonly used way
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to information in form of graphics object such as pictures, charts, graphs and

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diagram instead of simple text.

•
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Computer graphics is the computational creation and manipulation of visual

data

• Computer graphics is a process of generating, manipulating, storing and

displaying graphics object.

Ex: Such as pictures, charts, graphs, diagrams.

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 One Picture is Worth More Than Ten
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Thousand Words
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A Computer is worth a millions of pictures

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 Father computer graphics
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• Ivan Sutherland introduced

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concepts such as 3-D computer

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modeling, visual simulations,

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computer aided design (CAD) and

virtual reality
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• In 1963, Ivan Sutherland engineered

a revolution in computer graphics
with his highly-interactive program
Sketchpad. It enabled users to design
and draw in real time directly on the
computer display, using a light pen.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Graphical User Interface (GUI): It is a way of interacting with a

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computer using the icon, menu, and other visual, graphics by which
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user easily interacts.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Art: Computer Graphics provides a new way of making

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designs. Many artists and designers use illustrator, coral

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draw, Photoshop, adobe muse, and other types of

applications for creating new designs.
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•.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Entertainment:
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Computer graphics allow the user to make animated movies and games.
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Computer graphics are used to create scenes. Computer graphics are also
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used for special effects and animations.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Presentations: Computer graphics are used for making charts, bar

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diagrams, and other images for the presentation purpose, with the
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graphical presentation the user, can easily understand the points.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Engineering Drawings: Computer Graphics has also provided us

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the flexibility to make 3D models, house circuits and engineering

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drawings, etc. which is helpful for us.

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• CAD/CAM: CAD/CAM is also known as Computer-aided design

and computer-aided manufacturing. CAD/CAM is used to design
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and build prototypes, finished products, and manufacturing

processes.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Education and Training: Computer graphics are also

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used to provide training to students with simulators.

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The students can learn about the machines without

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physically trying them.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Flight Simulator: Computer graphic is used to provide training to

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pilots of aircraft. The pilots give much time to a flight simulator

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on the ground instead of real airplanes.

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• Medical Imaging: MRIs, CT scans, and other internal scans are

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possible because of computer graphics.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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• Printing Technology: Computer graphics are used in textile

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designing and flex printing.

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• Typography: Use of character pictures to replace the rough form

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of the past in printing.

• Satellite Imaging: Computer graphics are used to forecast the
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movement of the cloud and to predict the weather.

• Cartography: Computer graphics are used in map drawing.

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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Augmented Reality vs Virtual Reality

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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Augmented Reality vs Virtual Reality

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 Types of Computer Graphics
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•Raster Graphics:
In raster, graphics pixels are used for an image to be drawn. It is also known
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as a bitmap image in which a sequence of images is into smaller pixels.

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Basically, a bitmap indicates a large number of pixels together.

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•Vector Graphics:
In vector graphics, mathematical formulae are used to draw different types
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of shapes, lines, objects, and so on.

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Types of Computer Graphics

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 User Interaction
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Interactive Computer Graphics (ICG)

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ICG involve two way communications between the user and

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computer The user controls the contents, structure, and appearance

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of objects and images by using input devices such as keyboard,

mouse, or touch sensitive panel on the screen ICG improves the
bandwidth of communication between user and m/c.
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•Non -Interactive Computer Graphics (ICG)

User/Observer has no control over the pictures/images on the screen.
–Ex: Titles displayed on TV system or other computer art.
- Used to present the quantitative information and performance of an
industrial plant or Business organization –Ex: Bar charts, Pie charts
etc., Scientific Graphics - Includes program flow charts, control flow
diagrams, curve fittings, X-Y plots etc., Cartography, drafting, raster
painting, animation and artwork.

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 Computer Graphics System
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Input Devices
Physical: Keyboard, mouse, touch pad, touch screen, data glove, camera, light
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pen, wand, joystick,, microphone, speech recognizer, etc.

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Logical: String, locator, pick, choice, valuator, stroke.

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Output Devices
Examples: CRT display, LED display, LCD display, Plasma display, printer,
plotter, e-paper, hologram generator, 3d Printer film recorder, sound recorder,
speaker, robot arm, etc.

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 Objects vs. Images
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• Objects are the (usually 3-D) conceptual

entities that exist in their own
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coordinate systems (Cube, Polyhedron)

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images are the (usually 2-D)

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realizations of objects on some media.

(Pixel, Line, circle)
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Objects Image

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 _

Digital Image
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Digital image = a multidimensional

array of numbers (such as intensity
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image) or vectors (such as color

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image)
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Each component in the 10 10 16 28

 9 656 54 7026 56  43
image called pixel associates 15 37 96 5667 78
32 99

60 70 
with the pixel value (a single 25 5413 47
21 
number in the case of intensity 32 2242 90 96 67
54 85 43 
images or a vector in the case 87 85
153265 65
39 39 92
65 87  99
of color images).
 What is pixel?
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• A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic

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that can be displayed and represented on a digital display

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device.
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• A pixel is the basic logical unit in digital graphics. Pixels

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are combined to form a complete image, video, text, or any

visible thing on a computer display.
• A pixel is also known as a picture element (pix = picture,
el = element).

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 ar

Pixel intensity value Consider the following image

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(2724x2336 pixels) to be 2D
f(1,1) = 103 function or a matrix with rows
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and columns
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Pixel location In 8-bit representation

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Pixel intensity values

change between 0 (Black)
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and 255 (White)

rows columns

f(645:650,1323:1328) =
83 82 82 82 82 82
82 82 82 81 81 81
82 82 81 81 80 80
82 82 81 80 80 79
80 79 78 77 77 77
80 79 78 78 77 77

f(2724,2336) = 88
 What is frame buffer ?
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• An area of memory used to store information related to the pixels

of a display.
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A frame buffer for a color display has a set of planes each defining
one bit of the color information of each point.
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• Typically a color display will have a frame buffer with up to 24

planes, 8 each for defining red, green, and blue values

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 Instruc
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What is frame buffer ?

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 What is Resolution?
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• Resolution measures the number of pixels in a

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digital image or display. It is defined as width by

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height, or W x H, where W is the number of

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horizontal pixels and H is the number of vertical

pixels. For example, the resolution of an HDTV is
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1920 x 1080.

• PPI refers to the number of pixels contained

within one inch of an image displayed on a
computer monitor

• DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained

within one inch of an image printed by a printer.

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 What is Resolution?
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How is ppi calculated?

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Diagonal In Pixels = √(width² + height²)

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√(1920² + 1080²)
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=√3686400+1166400
2202/5
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440

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 What is Resolution?
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Calculating the mega pixels of the camera

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Lets say we have an image of dimension: 2500 X

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3192.
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Its pixel resolution = 2500 * 3192 = 7982350

bytes.
Dividing it by 1 million = 7.9 = 8 mega pixel
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(approximately).

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 What is Aspect ratio ?
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• Aspect ratio is the ratio between width (horizontal ) of an

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image and the height ( vertical)of Computer graphics.

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• Example: The term is also used to describe the dimensions of

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a display resolution.
1) a resolution of 800x600, 1027x768, 1600x1200 has an
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aspect ratio of 4:3.

2) Resolution 1280x1024 has an aspect ratio 5:4
3) Resolution 2160x1440, 2560x1700 has an aspect ratio 3:2
• Aspect ratio plays an important role in resizing.
• During resizing, the aspect ratio must remain same in order to
keep the image undistorted.
• A distorted aspect ratio leads to stretching of the image.

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What is Aspect ratio ?

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 What is Refresh Rates?
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• The number of times a display's image is repainted or

refreshed per second.
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• The refresh rate is expressed in hertz (Hz), so a refresh rate of 60

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Hz means the image is refreshed 60 times in a second

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THANK YOU

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