Chemical and Biological Materials

Unit-Biomaterials
B.Tech Sem I
Syllabus Unit: Biomaterials
Biomaterials:
I. Types of Biomaterials,
II. Biocompatibility,
III. Surface Properties of Biomaterials,
IV. Applications of Metallic Biomaterials,
V. Biocompatible materials.
VI. Ceramic biomaterials,
VII. bioactive ceramics,
VIII. Polymeric Biomaterials.
IX. Diamond like carbon films.
 Biomaterials

Biomaterials are substances that can interact with biological systems for
medical purposes. Biomaterials can be derived from nature or synthesized in
the laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches.

Characteristics of Biomaterials
i) Biocompatible
ii) Nontoxic
iii) Noncarcinogen
iv) Good physical mechanical properties
v) Low cost
vi) It must be readily available
vii) Should be moulded into different shape
viii) Resistant to degradation
ix) Acceptable strength
x) Resistant to wear
Biomaterials
Biomaterials are substances that have been engineered to interact with biological systems for
medical purposes, such as tissue repair, drug delivery, and medical implants. They can be
classified based on various criteria including origin, composition, and application. Here are
some common types of biomaterials:
1.Natural Biomaterials:
1. Derived from natural sources such as plants, animals, or minerals.
2. Examples include collagen, chitosan, silk, alginate, and hyaluronic acid.
3. These materials often possess biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biofunctionality.
2.Synthetic Biomaterials:
1. Chemically synthesized materials designed to mimic the properties of natural tissues or
to have specific properties for medical applications.
2. Examples include polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic
acid) (PLGA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and various synthetic ceramics.
1.Composite Biomaterials:
1. Combinations of natural and synthetic materials to exploit the advantageous properties of each
component.
2. Examples include hydroxyapatite/collagen composites for bone tissue engineering or
polymer/ceramic composites for orthopedic implants.
2.Metallic Biomaterials:
1. Metals and metal alloys used in biomedical applications due to their mechanical strength and
corrosion resistance.
2. Examples include stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt-chromium alloys used in orthopedic
implants.
3.Ceramic Biomaterials:
1. Inorganic, non-metallic materials known for their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.
2. Examples include hydroxyapatite, alumina, and zirconia, commonly used in bone grafts and dental
implants.
4.Polymeric Biomaterials:
1. Polymers with various compositions and structures tailored for specific biomedical applications.
2. Examples include polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyurethane,
used in drug delivery systems, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and medical devices.
5.Hybrid Biomaterials:
1. Biomaterials formed by combining two or more different classes of materials to achieve synergistic
properties.
2. Examples include polymer-ceramic composites, polymer-metal composites, and natural-synthetic
polymer hybrids.
1.Biodegradable Biomaterials:

1. Materials designed to degrade over time within the body, allowing for tissue regeneration and

avoiding the need for removal.

2. Examples include biodegradable polymers like PLA, PGA, and their copolymers, as well as certain

natural materials like collagen and chitosan.

2.Bioinert Biomaterials:

1. Materials that do not elicit a significant immune response or adverse reactions when implanted in the

body.

2. Examples include titanium and some types of medical-grade stainless steel.

These classifications provide a broad overview, but biomaterials can also be categorized based on their

specific applications, such as drug delivery systems, implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, or diagnostic

tools.
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 Biocompatible
Biocompatibility is, by definition, a measurement of how compatible a device is with a
biological system i.e. the ability of a material to co-exist and perform its desired
function with respect to a medical therapy, without eliciting any undesirable local or
systemic effects in the recipient or beneficiary of that therapy, but generating the
most appropriate beneficial cellular or tissue response in that specific situation, and
optimizing the clinically relevant performance of that therapy”.

BIOCOMPATIBILITY DEFINITION
1. Simply put, it’s a material’s capacity to function with a specific application within a living
organism.
2. This purposefully vague definition, taken from Materials Sciences and Engineering
Reports, comes from continual research into what exactly is a biocompatible material. In
short, it means that a material will not produce an immune response within the body.
 Biocompatible
1. It is often used in reference to materials that do not produce a toxic or immune response within the
human body.

2. Biocompatible materials are used in medical devices, such as a menstrual cup, stent, or ventilator.

3. Materials or devices are considered biocompatible only within their specific location within the
human body and in relation to their specific application.

4. The term “Biocompatibility” is typically used to define polymers, meaning plastics, metals, and
ceramics, though it can refer to devices that contain several materials.

5. Routine and methodical testing is required to be legally labeled as such. In the U.S., there is
significant regulatory oversight from the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Casco Bay
Molding has been visited by the FDA regarding our manufacturing process. We passed our
inspection without warnings.
 Biocompatible
Components of biocompatibility
Following components are considered to constitute “biocompatibility”:

• Beneficial tissue response and the clinically relevant performance

• Cytotoxicity (Cell damage/death; systemic and local) – local toxicity is the adverse
reactions emerging at the application site which is differentiated from systemic
toxicity, in which adverse reaction appear in an area distant from the application
site.
• Genotoxicity-an alteration of the base-pair sequence of the genome DNA.
• Mutagenicity-if theses genetic damages are passed on to the next generation, this
effect is called mutagenicity.

• Carcinogenicity-Carcinogenicity means that alterations in the DNA have caused a

cell to grow and divide inappropriately; in other words, alterations of DNA
promoted the generation of malignant tumors. Carcinogenicity results from several
mutations. It is important to understand that not all mutagenic events lead to
carcinogenesis.

• Immunogenicity-the ability of a substance to provoke an immune response or the

degree to which it provokes a response.
 Biocompatible
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO USE BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS?
The human body’s immune system is designed to protect it from external attacks, including germs
such as viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi. This sort of response can occur when a healthcare
application uses a non-biocompatible material.

The human body’s immense system is complex, so materials can produce a toxic response in the short
term, long term, or when combined with other materials. For that reason, biocompatibility testing is
critical for all classes of medical devices.

In many cases, a medical device will involve more than one material and several rounds of animal
testing and clinical trials. The more complex a medical device, the more important testing is. Testing
typically involves three types of tests:
Analytical chemistry
In vitro testing
Animal testing
 Biomaterials
Toxicology:
A biomaterial should not be toxic, unless it is specifically engineered for such
requirements (for example a "smart" bomb" drug delivery system that targets cancer cells
and destroy them).
Healing
Special processes are invoked when a material or device heals in the body. Injury to tissue
will stimulate the well-defined inflammatory reaction sequence that leads to healing.
When a foreign body is present in the wound site, the reaction sequence is referred to as
the "foreign body reaction". This reaction will differ in intensity and duration depending
upon the anatomical site involved.

Mechanical and Performance Requirements

Biomaterials and devices have mechanical and performance requirements that originate
from the physical properties of the materials.
 Factors affecting Biocompatible

WHAT AFFECTS A DEVICE/MATERIAL’S BIOCOMPATIBILITY?

There are three critical factors taken into account with biocompatibility testing:

The physical and chemical natures of a device’s material(s)

The human tissue that will be exposed to the material(s)

The length of the tissue’s exposure to the material(s)

Medical applications are not thought of as 100% biocompatible because the risk is never zero. It’s a
question of how much risk is associated with a material. This is why some medical components are
safe for short term use, rather than in long term.
 Biocompatible Materials
BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS
1. Alumina (a ceramic biomaterial)
2. Bioglass (ceramic biomaterial)
3. Cobalt-chromium alloy (metal)
4. Hydroxyapatite (ceramic biomaterial)
5. Medical-grade silicone (short-term implantable and long-term implantable)
6. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) (polymer)
7. Polyethylene (PE) (polymer)
8. Polypropylene (PP) (polymer)
9. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (polymer)
10. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (polymer)
11. Stainless steel
12. Trimethylcarbonate (polymer)
13. TMC NAD-lactide (polymer)
14. Titanium & titanium alloys (metal)
15. Zirconia (ceramic biomaterial)
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Application of metal Biomaterials
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Application of Ceramic Biomaterials
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Diamond like carbon films
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