HUMAN RIGHTS AND SECURITY

• What are Human Rights:

Human rights are moral principles or norms for

certain standards of human behavior and are
regularly protected in municipal and
international law. They are commonly
understood as inalienable, fundamental rights
"to which a person is inherently entitled simply
because she or he is a human being" and
which are "inherent in all human beings",
regardless of their age, ethnic origin, location,
language, religion, ethnicity, or any other
status. They are applicable everywhere and at
every time in the sense of being universal, and
they are egalitarian in the sense of being the
same for everyone.
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

• Human rights” is one of the most

important concepts in our modern
era. Activists, governments, and
corporations use it to draw on a
collective understanding that all
people deserve certain rights and
freedoms. No matter who a person
is, where they’re from, what they
believe, or how they live, everyone
has rights that cannot be taken away
Most commonly , human rights are distingusihed
in two main categories which are the following :
• Civil and Political Rights
• Economic , Social and Cultural Right
Civil and political rights include:
• The right to life
• The right to freedom from slavery
• The right to a trial in a reasonable time frame
• The right to equality before the law
• The right to freedom of thought
• The right to freedom of expression
• The right to freedom of religion
• The right to peaceful assembly
• The right to privacy
Economic, social, and cultural rights include:
• The right to fair wages with equal pay for equal work
• The right to a decent living
• The right to safe and healthy working conditions
• The right to take part in cultural life
• The right to benefit from scientific progress
• The right to free primary education
• The right to accessible higher education
• The right to the “highest attainable standard” of physical
and mental health
 INTERNATIONAL BODIES
The United Nations:

The United Nations (UN) is the only multilateral

governmental agency with universally accepted
international jurisdiction for universal human rights
legislation. All UN organs have advisory roles to the
United Nations Security Council and the United
Nations Human Rights Council, and there are
numerous committees within the UN with
responsibilities for safeguarding different human rights
treaties. The most senior
body of the UN with regard to human rights is the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights. The United Nations has an
international mandate to:
.achieve international co-operation in solving international
problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian
character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to
race, language, or religion.
 Protection at the international
level
• Human Rights Council :
The UN Human Rights Council, created in 2005, has
a mandate to investigate alleged human rights
violations. 47 of the 193 UN member states sit on the
council, elected by simple majority in a secret ballot of
the United Nations General Assembly. Members
serve a maximum of six years and may have their
membership suspended for gross human rights
abuses. The council is based in Geneva, and meets
three times a year; with additional meetings to
respond to urgent situations.
Independent experts (rapporteurs) are retained by the council to
investigate alleged human rights abuses and to report to the council.

The Human Rights Council may request that the Security Council
refer cases to the International Criminal Court (ICC) even if the issue
being referred is outside the normal jurisdiction of the ICC.
• UN TREATY BODIES:

• In addition to the political bodies

whose mandate flows from the UN
charter, the UN has set up a number
of treaty-based bodies, comprising
committees of independent experts
who monitor compliance with human
rights standards and norms flowing
from the core international human
rights treaties. They are supported
by and are created by the treaty that
they monitor, With the exception of
the CESCR, which was established
under a resolution of the Economic
and Social Council to carry out the
monitoring functions originally
assigned to that body under the Covenant, they are technically
autonomous bodies, established by the treaties that they monitor and
accountable to the state parties of those treaties – rather than
subsidiary to the United Nations, though in practice they are closely
intertwined with the United Nations system and are supported by the
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) and the UN
Centre for Human Rights.
• The Human Rights Committee promotes participation with the
standards of the ICCPR. The members of the committee express
opinions on member countries and make judgments on individual
complaints against countries which have ratified an Optional
Protocol to the treaty. The judgments, termed "views", are not
legally binding. The member of the committee meets around three
times a year to hold sessions.

• The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights monitors

the ICESCR and makes general comments on ratifying countries
performance. It will have the power to receive complaints against
the countries that opted into the Optional Protocol once it has
come into force. It is important to note that unlike
the other treaty bodies, the economic committee is not an
autonomous body responsible to the treaty parties, but directly
responsible to the Economic and Social Council and ultimately to the
General Assembly. This means that the Economic Committee faces
particular difficulties at its disposal only relatively "weak" means of
implementation in comparison to other treaty bodies.[35] Particular
difficulties noted by commentators include: perceived vagueness of
the principles of the treaty, relative lack of legal texts and decisions,
ambivalence of many states in addressing economic, social and
cultural rights, comparatively few non-governmental organizations
focused on the area and problems with obtaining relevant and
precise information
• The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
monitors the CERD and conducts regular reviews of countries'
performance. It can make judgments on complaints against
member states allowing it, but these are not legally binding. It
issues warnings to attempt to prevent serious contraventions of
the convention.

• The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against

Women monitors the CEDAW. It receives states' reports on
their performance and comments on them, and can make
judgments on complaints against countries which have opted
into the 1999 Optional Protocol.
• The Committee Against Torture monitors the CAT and
receives states' reports on their performance every four
years and comments on them. Its subcommittee may visit
and inspect countries which have opted into the Optional
Protocol.

• The Committee on the Rights of the Child monitors the

CRC and makes comments on reports submitted by states
every five years. It does not have the power to receive
complaints.

• The Committee on Migrant Workers was established in 2004

and monitors the ICRMW and makes comments on reports
submitted by states every five years. It will have the power to
receive complaints of specific violations only once ten member
states allow it.
• The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was established
in 2008 to monitor the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities. It has the power to receive complaints against the countries
which have opted into the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

• The Committee on Enforced Disappearances monitors the ICPPED.

All States parties are obliged to submit reports to the committee on
how the rights are being implemented. The Committee examines each
report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State
party in the form of "concluding observations".
Each treaty body receives secretariat support from the
Human Rights Council and Treaties Division of Office of the
High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR) in Geneva
except CEDAW, which is supported by the Division for the
Advancement of Women (DAW). CEDAW formerly held all
its sessions at United Nations headquarters in New York but
now frequently meets at the United Nations Office in
Geneva; the other treaty bodies meet in Geneva. The
Human Rights Committee usually holds its March session in
New York City
HUMAN SECURITY

Human security means protecting

fundamental-freedoms that are the
essence of life. It means protecting
people from critical(severe)and
pervasive(widespread)threats and
situations . Human security integrates
three freedoms : freedom from fear,
freedom from want and the freedom
from indignity.
 HUMAN SECURITY : CONCEPTS AND IMPLICATIONS
Mahbub ul haq first drew global attention to the concept of
human security in the United Nations Development
Programme1994 Human Development Report and the
UNDP’s 1994 Human Development Report’s definition of
human security argues that the scope of global security
should be expanded to include threats in seven areas:
 Economic security
 Food security
 Health security
 Environmental security
 Personal security
 Community security
 Political security
 ECONOMIC SECURITY
Economic security requires an assured
basic income for individuals , usually from
productive and gainful work or as a last
resort from a publicly financed safety net. In
this sense , only about a quarter of people
are presently economically secure. While
the economic security problem maybe more
serious in developing countries , concern
also arises in developed countries as
well .Unemployment problems constitute an
important factor under laying political
tensions and ethnic violence.
FOOD SECURITY
Food security requires that all the people at
all thproblems relating to access to assets ,
work and assured income (related to
economic security).e times have both
physical and economic access to basic food.
According to the United Nations , the overall
availability of food is not a problem , rather
than the problem often is poor distribution of
food and a lack of purchasing power. In the
past , food security problems have been dealt
with at both national and global levels.
However , their impacts are limited. According
to UN , the key is to tackle the
 HEALTH SECURITY
Health security aims to guarantee a minimum protection
from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles. In developing
countries , the major causes of death traditionally were
infectious and parasitic diseases , whereas in
industrialized countries , the major killers were diseases of
the circulatory systems. Today lifestyle related chronic
diseases are leading killers worldwide , with 80 percent
death from chronic diseases occurring in low and middle
income countries. According to the United Nations , in
both developing and industrial countries threats to health
security are usually greater for poor people in rural areas ,
particularly children.
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
Environmental security aims to protect
people from the short and long term
ravages of nature, man made threats
in nature , and deterioration of the
natural environment. In developing
countries , lack of access to clean
water resources is one of the greatest
environmental threats . In industrial
countries , one of the major threats is
air pollution. Global warming , caused
by the emission of greenhouse gases,
is another environmental security
issue.
 PERSONAL SECURITY

Personal security aims to protect

people from physical violence, whether
from the states or the external states ,
from violent individuals and sub state
actors , from domestic abuse , or from
predatory adults. For many people ,
the greatest source of anxiety is
crime , particularly violent crime.
COMMUNITY SECURITY

Community security aims to protect people from

the loss of traditional relationships and values and
from sectarian and ethnic violence. Traditional
communities , particularly minority ethnic groups
are often particularly threatened. About half of the
world’s states have experienced some inter-ethnic
strife. The United Nations declared 1993 the Year
of Indigenous People to highlight the continuing
vulnerability of the 300 million aboriginal people in
70 countries as they face a widening spiral of
violence.
POLITICAL SECURITY

Political security is concerned with whether

people live in a society that honors their
basic human rights. According to a survey
conducted by Amnesty International ,
political repression, systematic torture, ill
treatment or disappearance was still
practiced in 110 countries. Human rights
violations are most frequent during periods
of political unrest.
HUMAN SECURITY’S RELATIONSHIP WITH
TRADITIONAL SECURITY

•Human security is people centered. Its focus shifts to

protecting individuals. Whereas ,
•Traditional security protects a state’s boundaries ,
people , institutions and values.
 RELATION BETWEEN HUMAN SECURITY AND
DEVELOPMENT

A human security approach sees development , specifically

sustainable development , in terms of improving the well-
being of underdeveloped populations .The concept of
‘security’ in human security focuses on how internal conflicts
affect the livelihood and social networks of population
 RELATION BETWEEN HUMAN SECURITY AND
HUMAN RIGHTS

There is close but not yet thoroughly analysed

relationship between human security and human rights.
The ultimate focus both of human rights and human
security is said to be the individuals. Both concept place
the individual human being in the center . This seems to
be common feature.
 SECURITY AS A HUMAN RIGHT

Human rights have always been concerned with

the security of individual. ‘Security’ is a human
right itself .
PERSONAL SECURITY

Personal security is a generally the feeling or state that

occurs after sufficient measures are taken to delay , warn
or deter possible crime
SOCIAL SECURITY

Social security is a system under which a

government pays money regularly to certain groups
of people , for example , the people who are sick , or
unemployed , or those who have no other income like
women who did not have jobs and were on social
security.
 HUMAN RIGHTS AND SECURITY

“ HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS”

HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

1. The Cyrus cylinder(539 B.C)

 Cyrus-First king of ancient Persia
 Conquered BABYLON city of Persia
 Freed salves
 Declared:all people had right to choose
religion,established racial equality
 Recorded on a clay cylinder in AKKODIAN
LANGUAGE
 World’s first charter of human rights
HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

2.Magna Carta(1215)
Latin word
Magna means “Great”
Carta means “Charter”
King John(king of England)
Collected taxes from Barons
Barons started strike
Stephen linkton resolved issue
Agreement of Magna Carta
Vital role in American independence(1787)
HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

3.Petition of rights
Approved by king charles 1 on 7th june 1628
Initiated by Sir Edward Coke
Four Principle
i. No taxation without the consent of parliament
ii. No imprisonment without cause
iii. No quartering of soldiers on subjects
iv. No martial law in peace time
 Iv.principle still force in UK Today
 HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

4.American declaration of independence 1776

Written by “Thomas Jefferson”
13 Amercian colonies were not free from Great Britian
Explanation of why congress had voted on july 2
2 themes
individual rights
Rights of revolution
 HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

5. Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen 1789

French oriented document
In 1789,people of france brought about the abolishment of
the absolute monarchy and set the stage for establishment of
the french republic
Rights of liberty,property,security and resistance to opression
HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS

6. Universial declaration of human right(1948)

Adopted by united nation general assambly on 10
december 1948
Document shows freedom and equality
Consists of 30 articles
 civil,economics,social etc.
 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN

Fundamental rights in the Constitution 1973

Relevant provisions from Articles 8 to 29
i. Security of person
ii. Freedom of movement
iii. Freedom of association
iv. Freedom of assembly
v. Freedom of trade
 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN

vi. Freedom of speech

vii. Freedom of religion
viii. Political freedom
ix. Equality of citizen
x. Freedom to acquire property
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN

xi. Protection of property rights

xii. Right to access public places
xiii. Right to job
xiv. Right to fair trial
xv. Right to education
xvi. Right to information
LAWS AND PRINCIPLES
HUMAN RIGHT LAW
• International human rights law
lays down obligations which
States are bound to respect. ...
The obligation to respect means
that States must refrain from
interfering with or curtailing the
enjoyment of human rights. The
obligation to protect requires
States to protect individuals and
groups against human rights
abuses.
What is the role of human right law:

The Human Rights Act is a UK law passed in 1998 . It lets

You defend your rights in UK courts and complete public
organizations including the Gorvermnent , police and local
councils to treat everyone with fairness , dignity , and
respect
What is human right law and practice :

Human Rights law and practice offers a lucid

comprehensive understanding of human rights law through
national and international human rights instruments and
case law.
PRINCIPLE OF HUMAN RIGHTS

There are five Principle of human rights:

1.Universality
2.Indivisibilty
3.Interdependent and Interrelated
4.Equality/Non-discrimination
5.Participation/Inclusion
 1. UNIVERSALITY

• *Entitled to everyone
• *Article 1,UDHR
• All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights.
2.INDIVISIBILTY
• * All human rights have equal status and
• cannot be positioned into a hierarchial
• order
• * Rights of basic standard of living cannot
• be compromised due to other rights e.g right to health and education
3.INTERDEPENDENT
• * Fulfilment of one right often depends on
• the fulfilment of the other right
• * Physical,Psychological and spiritual needs
4.EQUALITY
• *All individuals are equal in age,race,
• language,political etc.
• *Policies and practices which may have a
discriminatory effect.
5.PARTICIPATION/INCLUSION

• * All people have the right to participate and

• access information
• * Communities,woman,young people, indigenous
people etc.