S TAT I S T I

CS
Prepared by
LICTAO, SHARON
C O L L E C T I N G D ATA

REAL-LIFE PROBLEMS
THAT CAN BE SOLVED
BY STATISTICS
The 4 steps below can be followed to solve real life
problems using statistics
1. Pose the question that can be answered by data.
2. Determine a plan to collect data.
3. Organize and summarize the data.
4. Interpret the results and answer the question posed
in Step 1 using the organized and summarized data.
A STATISTICAL QUESTION IS ONE THAT CAN BE
ANSWERED BY COLLECTING DATA THAT VARY.

Example of Statistical Questions:

1. How many hours does the college students spend time
in studying? (Summarizing question)
2. Do the college students spend more time in social
media than studying? (Comparing question)
3. Do students who spend more time in studying do better
in exam? (Relationship question)
Example of Non-Statistical
Questions:
1. How old are you?
2. What is your favorite subject?
3. How many siblings does Elise have?
Which of the following is an example of
statistical question?
A. How old are the students in BSSW?
B. What did Larra eat for dinner?
C. What time did you get up this morning?
D. How many pairs of shoes does my best friend
have?
Which of the following is NOT a statistical question?
A. How much time did you spend browsing internet last
week?
B. How many minutes do college students typically spend
browsing the internet each week?
C. What do college students prefer to eat for breakfast?
D. What is the typical number of pets owned by students in
my class?
The question “How old is my student?” is an
example of non-statistical question, which of the
following makes it as statistical question?
A. How old is my student, Larra?
B. How old are the students in my classroom?
C. How old is your classmate?
D. None of the above
DIFFERENT STATISTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Observation- it focuses in determining

the changes in the attitude,
characteristics and behavior of people or
other subjects. This technique includes
watching and recording actions and
behaviours.
DIFFERENT STATISTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Interviews- it is being performed through

personally asking questions to people who
have the authority or expertise to say
something about the data needed.
• The person gathering the data is called the
interviewer, while the person supplying the
data is the interviewee.
DIFFERENT STATISTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) - it is

used to know the thinking, feeling or
opinion, about a certain phenomenon, idea
and etc. FGD is conducted with a small
group of people with common knowledge
and common field (usually 6 to 8 people).
DIFFERENT STATISTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Questionnaire- if you have big number of
sample, it is the most practical way to use. You
gather data through writing. However, you must
be careful presenting your questions, since we
need to consider the culture, and characteristics
of the respondents. You may use email, letter, or
personally give your questionnaire to your
respondents.
Types of Questions
1. Closed questions
• These are questions which can be answered with “Yes” or
“No,” or they have a limited set of possible answers (such
as: A, B, C, or All of the above). For example, ‘Do you wear
glasses?’ the respondent either does (responding ‘yes’) or
doesn’t (responding ‘no’) wear glasses.
2. Open-ended questions
• These are questions that allow someone to give a free-form
answer. Example, “How did you answer the modules?”
Types of Questions
3. Multiple-choice questions
These are questions that provide a certain number
of specific response options as possible answers.
An example of multiple-choice question would be:
• “How do you spend your free time?”.
a. reading c. surfing the internet
b. listening to radio d. watching TV e. others
(please specify: __)
DIFFERENT STATISTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Survey – in a national level, surveys are

usually covered by the government and
other form of surveying organization
such as National Statistics Office (NSO).
A survey can also be done in small scale
(i.e. a class of 25 students can be
surveyed)
Methods Used in the Collecting Data
 Interview Method – this method of collecting data is an oral or
verbal communication where the interviewer asks questions in any
mode (face to face, telephone, or virtual) to an interviewee. The
person gathering the data is called the interviewer, while the
person supplying the data is the interviewee.
 Questionnaire Method – on this method data is gathered
through a set of question that is mailed or handed to respondents
who are expected to read and understand them. And the
respondents then, write down their responses in the space
provided the accomplished questionnaire is then returned for
appropriate processing.
Methods Used in the Collecting Data

 Observation Method – the data on this method

are gathered either individually or collectively by
means of observation. The person who gathers the
data is called an investigator while the person being
observed is called the subject.
 Experiment Method – this method is used when
the objective is to determine the cause and effect
relationship of a certain phenomenon under
controlled condition.
EXAMPLES OF FORMS USED AS STATISTICS
INSTRUMENTS
EXAMPLES OF FORMS USED AS STATISTICS
INSTRUMENTS
EXAMPLES OF FORMS USED AS STATISTICS
INSTRUMENTS
EXAMPLES OF FORMS USED AS STATISTICS
INSTRUMENTS
 EXAMPLES OF FORMS USED AS STATISTICS
INSTRUMENTS

Examples of Interview Questions

1. What are some of your academic
strengths?
2. What are your weaknesses?
3. Why do you want to study here?
4. What do you expect to be doing ten years
from now?
5. What subject in high school did you find
most challenging?
Collection of data is an important part of Statistics.
Data should be collected in a manner that they are
accurate and convenient to use.
Data is a collection of facts or information. They
may be gathered by using the following methods.
1.Conducting Surveys
Example: Teacher made a form
and ask the students to fill out
the previous grades and return the form to him/her.
2. Observing the Outcomes of Events
Example: Jessa wanted to find whether a die
was fair or biased. She tossed the die 40
times and recorded the results.
3. Taking measurements in experiments
Example: The physicist and chemist conducted an
experiment on how can saw dust be substituted for sand in
the production of hollow blocks.
4. Reading Statistical Publication
Example: Mr. Rivera check the date of birth
of each student in the class registry.
Choose your answer from the box that suggest a way to collect each
set of data.
1. A researcher wants to find out the most preferred
recreational activities by college students.
2. You would like to get the opinion of the President
regarding “Scarborough Shoal.”
3. The manager of a restaurant would like to know the number of
customers they have from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m.
4. “The school principal wanted to know if college students are
enjoying their statistics class.”
5. The Chief of Municipal Social Welfare Development wanted to
know the current number of families who have a monthly income
below P10 000.”
Directions. Perform as directed.
1. Identify a real-life problem that you are interested.
2. Form a statistical question about the problem you
identified.
3. Formulate your own simple statistical instrument
that can be used to answer your statistical question.
P R E S E N T I N G D ATA
Gathering Statistical Data and Organizing
Data in a
Frequency Distribution Table
Frequency – the number of occurrences of a data
Frequency table – is a table that lists items and
shows the number of times the items occur.
Steps in constructing a frequency table (for
ungrouped data)
Step 1: Make three columns. Arrange the data in
order in the first column.
Step 2: Make a tally.
Step 3: Count the tallies then write the frequencies
Step 4: Total all the frequencies
Example 1:

• Below are the results of a survey about the favorite

colors of 15 students in a freshman class. What color is
the most favorite of the students and the least favorite
color?
Example 1:
• Below are the results of a survey about the favorite
colors of 15 students in a freshman class. What color is
the most favorite of the students and the least favorite
color?
Example 2: Below are the results of a survey about the favorite social
media app of 15 students in a freshman class. What social media app is
the most utilized by the students and the least used social media app?

SOCIAL MEDIA APP TALLY FREQUENCY

Instagram
Facebook
Tiktok
Telegram
Messenger
Twitter
Example 2: What social media app is the most utilized by the students
and the least used social media app?

SOCIAL MEDIA APP TALLY FREQUENCY

Instagram II 2
Facebook IIIII 5
Tiktok III 3
Telegram I 1
Messenger III 3
Twitter I 1
TOTAL 15
Complete the frequency table then answer the following questions.
Pulse Rate of CCDC Varsity Players

1. What is the most common number of beats per minute?

2. How many people had pulse rates of 80 and higher?
3. How many people had pulse rate of 70 and below?
4 PICS 1 WORD
4 PICS 1 WORD
FOR UNGROUPED DATA
• Data in an ungrouped frequency distribution can be
presented graphically to give a better picture of the
distribution. Some forms of graphs for ungrouped
frequency distribution are pie chart, bar graph and line
graph.
 A pie graph or pie
chart is used to show
how all the parts of
something are related
to the whole. It is
represented by a
circle divided into
slices or sectors of
various sizes that
show each part’s
relationship to the
whole and to other
PIE CHART parts of the circle.
Example 1:
Construct a pie chart for the data given below.
Favorite Type of Movie
Solution:
• First, divide each value by the total and multiply by 100
to get a percent.
 BAR GRAPH
A bar graph uses rectangles (or bars) of
There are two types of bar graph: the
uniform width to represent data, particularly
vertical bar graph, which is sometimes
the nominal or categorical type of data. The
called a column chart, and the horizontal
height of the rectangle denotes the frequency
bar graph. A vertical bar graph is used to
of the variable.
show the changes in the numerical value of
a variable over a period of time.
 A line graph is used to represent changes in data over a
period of time. Data like changes in temperature, income,
population, and the like can be represented by a line graph.
Data are represented by points and are joined by line
L I N E G R A P H segments. A line graph may be curved, broken, or straight.
FOR GROUPED DATA Some forms of graphs for grouped frequency distribution
are the Histogram and Ogive.

HISTOGRAM
A Histogram is a bar graph that
shows the frequency of data that
occur within a certain interval. In
a histogram, the bars are always
vertical, the width of each bar is
based on the size of the interval
it represents, and there are no
gaps between adjacent bars.
Histograms have no gaps
because their bases cover a
continuous range of possible
OGIVE
The ogive (also called the cumulative frequency graph or cumulative frequency
curve) is a graph plotted from a cumulative frequency table.
R E A D E A C H I T E M C A R E F U L LY A N D C H O O S E
THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER.
F R E Q U E N C Y D I S T R I B U T I O N TA B L E
 F R E Q U E N C Y D I S T R I B U T I O N TA B L E
Frequency – the number of occurrences of a data
Frequency table – is a table that lists items and shows the number of
times the items occur.
Steps in constructing a frequency table (for ungrouped data)
Step 1: Make three columns. Arrange the data in order in the first
column.
Step 2: Make a tally.
Step 3: Count the tallies then write the frequencies
Step 4: Total all the frequencies
 F R E Q U E N C Y D I S T R I B U T I O N TA B L E
Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table
1. Determine the range. Range is the difference between the highest value H and
the lowest value L in the set of data. R = H – L
2. Determine the desired number of the class interval or categories. The ideal
number of class interval in somewhere between 5 and 15.
3. Determine the class width or approximate size of the class interval by dividing
the range by the desired number of class intervals.

4. Write the class intervals starting with the lowest lower value as determined in
the data. Then add the class width to the starting point to get the next interval. Do
this until the highest value is contained in the last interval.
5. Tally the corresponding number of scores in each interval. Then summarize the
results or sum up the tallies under the frequency column. le for a given ungrouped
data to be transformed as a grouped data.
 F R E Q U E N C Y D I S T R I B U T I O N TA B L E
Example: The following are the test scores of students. Construct a suitable
frequency table. Use 6 as the desired number of class interval.
 The following data represents the weights (in kilograms) of
40 students in a school

1. Construct a frequency distribution using 7 as class interval.

2. How many students got the highest weights?
3. How many students weighs at most 53 kg?