Unit – II Magnetic Circuits and Electrical Installations

Wires, Cables & Its Types

Methods of Wiring
The Various systems of Wiring are

•Cleat Wiring
•Batten Wiring
•Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring
•Lead-Sheathed Wiring
•Conduit Wiring
• Surface Conduit
• Underground Or Concealed or
Recessed Conduit
Cleat Wiring
•This system of wiring comprise of
ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires
(occasionally, sheathed and
weather proof cable) braided and
compounded held on walls or
ceilings by means of porcelain
cleats, Plastic or wood.

•Cleat wiring system is a temporary

wiring system therefore it is not
suitable for domestic premises. The
use of cleat wiring system is over
nowadays.
Cleat Wiring
This type of wiring has some advantages:

· East for detecting faults

· Easy to repair

· Addition and alteration is easy

· Easy and Cheap wiring

 Batten Wiring
•Single core or double core or three core TRS
cables with a circular oval shape cables are
used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core
cables are preferred. TRS cables are chemical
proof, water proof, steam proof, but are
slightly affected by lubricating oil.
•The TRS cables are run on well seasoned and
straight teak wood batten with at least a
thickness of 10mm.
•The cables are held on the wooden batten by
means of tinned brass link clips (buckle clip)
already fixed on the batten with brass pins
and spaced at an interval of 10cm for
horizontal runs and 15cm for vertical runs.
Batten Wiring
Advantages of Batten Wiring
•Wiring installation is simple and easy
•cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems
•Paraphrase is good and beautiful
•Repairing is easy
•strong and long-lasting
•Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
•less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system
Disadvantages of Batten Wiring
Can’t be install in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and
outdoor areas.
High risk of firs
Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects
(because, the wires are openly visible
to heat, dust, steam and smoke.
Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system.
Only suitable below then 250V.
Need more cables and wires.
Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring
•Casing and Capping wiring
system was famous wiring
system in the past but, it is
considered obsolete this days
because of Conduit and
sheathed wiring system.
•The cables used in this kind of
wiring were either VIR or PVC or
any other approved insulated
cables.The cables were carried
through the wooden casing
enclosures.
•The casing is made up of a strip of wood with parallel
grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR
cables.

•The grooves were made to separate opposite polarity.

the capping (also made of wood) used to cover the
wires and cables installed and fitted in the casing.
Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring:
It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring systems.
It is strong and long-lasting wiring system.
Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is easy.
Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of capping and casing..
It stays safe from oil, Steam, smoke and rain.
No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing & capping.

Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:

There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions
Costly repairing and need more material.
Material can’t be found easily in the contemporary
White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood.
Lead Sheathed Wiring
The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with
VIR and covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminum alloy
containing about 95% of lead. The metal sheath given
protection to cables from mechanical damage, moisture and
atmospheric corrosion.
The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous and
is connected to earth at the point of entry to protect against
electrolytic action due to leaking current and to provide
safety in case the sheath becomes alive. The cables are run
on wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips just as in
TRS wiring.
Conduit Wiring
There are two additional types of conduit wiring
according to pipe installation
• Concealed Conduit Wiring
• Surface Conduit Wiring
Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as

surface conduit wiring. in this wiring method, they
make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances
and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal
plugs.
Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the

help of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring.
In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall,
roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping
is called concealed conduit wiring. obliviously, It is
the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common
electrical wiring system nowadays.
Wiring Layout- Fluorescent Lamp Wiring
1. The electrode of the starter which is enclosed in a gas bulb filled with argon gas, cause
discharge in the argon gas with consequent heating.
2. Due to heating, the bimetallic strip bends and causes the starter to close. After this, the
choke, the filaments (tube ends) to tube and starter becomes connected in series.
3. When the current flows through the tube end filaments the heat is produced. During the
process the discharge in the starter tube disappears and the contacts in the starter move apart.
4. When sudden break in the circuit occur due to moving apart of starter terminals, this
causes a high value of e.m.f to be induced in the choke.
5. According to Lenz's law, the direction of induced e.m.f in the choke will try to oppose the
fall of current in the circuit
6. The voltage thus acting across the tube ends will be high enough to cause a discharge to
occur in the gas inside the tube. Thus the tube starts giving light
The fluorescent lamp is a low pressure mercury lamp and is a long evacuated tube. It
contains a small amount of mercury and argon gas at 2.5 mm pressure. At the time of
switching in the tube, mercury is in the form of small drops. Therefore, to start the tube,
filling up of argon gas is necessary. So, in the beginning, argon gas starts burning at the ends
of the tube; the mercury is heated and controls the current and the tube starts giving light. At
each end of the tube, there is a tungsten electrode which is coated with fast electron emitting
material. Inside of the tube is coated with phosphor according to the type of light.
8. A starter helps to start the tube and break the circuit.
9. The choke coil is also called blast. It has a laminated core over which enameled wire is
wound. The function of the choke is to increase the voltage to almost 1000V at the time of
Wiring Layout – Staircase Wiring

1. A two way switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way switch
is installed at the upper part where the stair ends.
2. The light point is provided between first and last stair at an adequate location and
height if the light is switched on by the lower switch. It can be switched off by the
switch at the top or vice versa.
3. The circuit can be used at the places like bed room where the person may not have to
travel for switching off the light to the place from where the light is switched on.
4. Two numbers of Two-way switches are used for the purpose. The supply is given to the
switch at the short circuited terminals.
5. The connection to the light point is taken from the similar short circuited terminal of the
second switch. Other two independent terminals of each circuit are connected through cables.
Earthing

For safety purpose, all electrical installations are

connected to the earth by means of low resistance
wire this process of transferring electrical energy
discharge to the earth is called earthing. A power
system is earthed at a suitable point by a suitable
method
• Solid Earthing
• Resistance Earthing
• Reactance Earthing
• Patterson Coil Earthing
Protective Devices
Safety Precautions