BLEEDING DISORDER

Bleeding Disorders
• are rare disorders affecting the way the body controls blood clotting.
• The clotting process, also known as coagulation, changes blood from a
liquid to a solid.
• If your blood does not clot normally, you may experience problems
with bleeding too much after an injury or surgery.
• A bleeding disorder can be inherited, meaning that you are born with
the disorder, or it can be acquired, meaning it develops during your
life.
Types
• Acquired bleeding disorders
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- is a rare but serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting
throughout the body’s blood vessels. You may develop DIC if you have
an infection or injury that affects the body’s normal blood clotting
process.
Liver disease-associated bleeding
-The presence of cirrhosis poses an increased risk of both thrombosis
and bleeding in individuals with chronic liver disease
Types
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
-occurs when babies cannot stop bleeding because their blood does not
have enough Vitamin K to form a clot. The bleeding can occur
anywhere on the inside or outside of the body.
Arteriovenous malformations
-Rarely, tangles of blood vessels which can form in the brain or
elsewhere in the body and lead to bleeding before birth or later in life.
Other, rarer types of acquired bleeding disorders, which include
deficiencies of certain factors, such as factor I, II, and V, that are
named for the clotting factor causing the problem
Types
• Inherited bleeding disorders
Combined deficiency of the vitamin K–dependent clotting factors (VKCFDs),
which is caused by a problem with clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
Hemophilia A
-the most common type of hemophilia, which is caused by a lack of clotting
factor VIII or low levels of clotting factor VIII
Hemophilia B
-which occurs when you are missing clotting factor IX or have low levels of
clotting factor IX
Hemophilia C
- a rare condition also known as factor XI deficiency
Types
Von Willebrand disease (VWD)
-the most common inherited bleeding disorder, which has different
types that are numbered based on how common the condition is and
how severe the symptoms are.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
-a rare inherited condition caused by arteriovenous malformations
(AVMs) in several areas of the body, which can lead to bleeding.
Causes
• Bleeding disorders often develop when the blood can’t clot properly. This
could be due to when the clotting factors or platelets don’t work the way
they should or are in short supply.
• The majority of bleeding disorders are inherited, which means they’re
passed from a parent to their child.
• However, some disorders may develop as a result of other medical
conditions, such as liver disease.
• Bleeding disorders may also be caused by:
• a low red blood cell count
• a vitamin K deficiency
• side effects from certain medications
Risk Factors
1. Age
• Bleeding disorders can happen at any age. However, newborns are more likely
than adults to develop vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Acquired hemophilia A is
more common among older people.
2. Family history and genetics
3. Other medical conditions
• can increase your risk for an acquired bleeding disorder, such as:
• Blood transfusion,
• Bowel disease or surgery,
• Cancer,
• Immune disorders,
• Liver disease,
• Trauma or severe injury, to the brain Or body
Risk Factors
Certain treatments for medical conditions can also increase risk, including:
• Antibiotics, Blood thinner medicines (anticoagulants), Devices that increase
blood flow, Surgeries
4. Sex
• women are at increased risk of bleeding disorders, such as acquired
hemophilia, during and after pregnancy.
Signs & Symptoms
• Symptoms may differ depending on the type of
bleeding disorder, its cause, and whether the
disorder is mild or more serious.
• People who have a mild bleeding disorder may not
have any signs or symptoms until they are injured or
have a medical procedure.
Signs and symptoms of bleeding disorders may
include:
• Blood in urine or stool
• Excessive bleeding that does not stop with pressure
and may start spontaneously, such as with
nosebleeds, or bleeding after a cut, dental
procedure, or surgery
• Frequent, large bruises
Signs & Symptoms Petechiae

• Heavy bleeding after giving birth

• Heavy menstrual bleeding, which includes menstrual
bleeding that often lasts longer than seven days or requires
changing sanitary pads or tampons more than every hour
• Petechiae, or bleeding under the skin causing tiny purple, red,
or brown spots
• Redness, swelling, stiffness, or pain from bleeding into
muscles or joints, which is particularly common with inherited
hemophilia
• Umbilical stump bleeding that lasts longer than what is
typical for newborns — about 1 to 2 weeks after the umbilical
cord is cut — or that does not stop
 Diagnosis
Bleeding disorder is the condition in which there is defect in normal
blood clotting .
The side effects of certain drugs often lead to the acquired forms of
this disorder . So , to diagnosis bleeding disorder , your doctor will take
your history and go for blood test . Some of the diagonistic process are
as below ;
 A complete blood count (CBC) ; This test measure the amount of white
blood cell and RBC in our body .
 A platelets aggression test ; which checks how well your platelets
clump together
 A bleeding time test ; This test helps to find out how long does
patients blood take to clot .
Treatment
Depending on various situation , bleeding disorder can be treated by
clotting which can be infused .Women can also do hormone therapy.
And other topical medications , nasal sprays( nose bleeding), and fresh
frozen plasma,are also provided .
Prognosis
Patients with congenital bleeding disorders can expect to a
meaningful life with education in case of trauma or surgery. But they
should be under medical supervision .
Reference
• https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders/types
• https://www.healthline.com/health/bleeding-disorders#types
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