LEARNING

OBJECTIVES
MEASURES 01  To learn the concept
of the “center” of a
data set

OF 02
02
 To learn the meaning
of each of three
measures of the center

CENTRAL 03
of a data set—the
mean, the median,
and the mode—and
how to compute each

TENDENCY one.

 To present a brief
picture of data
04
 Essential for
comparison.
 MEASURES OF
CENTAL TENDENCY
Measures of central tendency are
summary statistics that represent the
center point or typical value of a
dataset
THREE
IMPORTANT
1.MEAN
MEASURES
2.MEDIAN
3. MODE
 MEAN
• Mean represents the average
value of the dataset. It can be
calculated as the sum of all the
values in the dataset divided by
the number of values. In
general, it is considered as the
arithmetic mean
MEDIAN MODE
• Defined as the positional middle • The observed value that
value when observations are occurs most frequently.
ordered from smallest to largest (or • The data is said to be
vice versa) unimodal if there is only
one mode, bimodal if
there are two modes,
trimodal if there are three
modes.

Quantitative Data Quantitative Data Quantitative & Qualitative Data

• Most popular measure of • Extreme values do not affect the • May not exist
central location median as strongly as they do the • May also not be unique
• Affected by extreme values mean • Extreme values do not affect the mode.
It is unique - there is only one • Useful when comparing sets of • Not necessarily unique - may have more
• than one value.
answer. data • When no values repeat in the data set,
• Useful when comparing sets of • It is unique - there is only one the mode is every value and is useless.
data. answer. • When there is more than one mode, it is
difficult to interpret and/or compare
MEASURES GROUP DATA UNGROUP DATA
MEAN X = Σ fXi X = Σ Xi
Σf N

x= mid point of various classes Σx= Is the sum of

f= frequency of each class all the x values
f = Total frequency N= The number
of x values
MEDIAN X= LCB+ ( N/2 – Cf )cm
fm
Where
L =is the lower class boundary
of the median class
N = is the total number of
observations
cf =is the cumulative
frequency of the class
presiding to the median class
Cm =is the class interval of the
median class
Median =( N+1) th term
2
The following steps are helpful
while applying the median
formula for ungrouped data.
Step 1: Arrange the data in
ascending or descending order.
Step 2: Secondly, count the total
number of observations 'n’.
Step 3: Check if the number of
observations 'n' is even or odd.
Mode X= Lbmo + [ __D1 ] Cm
D1 + D2
Lm =is the lower class boundary of
the Model class
D1 =is the difference between the
frequency of the modal class and
frequency of the class before the
modal class.
D2 =is the difference between the
frequency of the modal class and
frequency of the class after the
modal class.
Cm =is the class width of the
modal class
. The ungrouped data
contains discrete values.
To find the mode that is
the most frequent value
in the data set, we need
to arrange the data in
ascending order or
descending order and
then find the frequencies
of each value. The value
which has maximum
frequency will be the
mode of ungrouped
data.
Example : Mean ( Ungroup data) The scored of students in
Math test are, 5, 9, 4,7,8,6,3,5,5 and and 6. Find the Mean.

X = Σ Xi
N
=5+9+4….
N
= 58 = 5.8
10
The average score of students in
Mathematics is 5.8
Example : For Median ( Ungroup Data)
Determine the median of the following data set.
1. 4,10.3,6,8,11
3,4,6,8,10,11 Arrange
= 6+8 = 7 Steps: 1. Organized of the data
2 2. Find the middle value
Median is 7 If ODD, the median is the middle
number
if EVEN ,get the average of the two
middle number
2. 2,15,45,9,7
2, 7, 9, 15,45 Arrange
Median X= 9
Example: For Mode ( Ungroup Data)
Determine the mode of the following data set.
1. 4,10,4,3,6,8,11,4
Mode = 4 Unimodal
2. 1,1,1,1,3,3,3,3,4,4,5,5
Mode = 1 &3 Bimodal
3. 6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10
Mode = 6,7,8,10, Multimodal
Example : Steps: 1. Calculate the midpoint or the class mark
2. Multiply each class mark to their corresponding frequency
3. Add the product in step 2.
Grades of selected 50students in Statistics

X = Σ fXi
Class Frequenc Midpoint (fx)
Interval y (f) (x) Σf
51-55 4 53 212 = 3640
56-60 3 58 174 50
61-65 4 63 252 =72.80
66-70 10 68 680 The average score of selected 50
71-75 9 73 657 students on statistics is 72.80
76-80 7 78 546
81-85 5 83 415
86-90 8 88 704
Median ( for group data )
Steps:
1. Determine the median class by diving the total number of
sample by 2. (50/2=25)
2. Construct the cumulative frequency distribution (cf)
3. Locate the median class
4. Get the LCB of the median class is 70.5
5.Subract the previous cumulative frequency distribution to
the computed value in step 1
6. Divide the difference by the frequency of the median class,
then multiply by the class size or interval size
 Grades of selected 50students in Statistics Example : Median ( for group
Class
Interval
Frequenc <cf
y (f)
data )
x= LCB+ ( N/2 –< cf )cm
51-55 4 4
56-60 3 7 fm
61-65 4 11
x= 70.5+( 25 – <21 )5
66-70 10 21 9
71-75 9 30
76-80 7 37 x= 72.72 divides the distribution
81-85 5 42 into upper 50 % and lower 50% percent
86-90 8 50
Example : Mode ( for group data )
Steps: 1. Determine the modal class
2.Get the lower class boundary of the
modal class
3. Determine D1 and D2 and divide D1 to
the sum of D1 and D2
4. Multiply the result in Step 3 by the class
size
5. Add the answer in step #4 by the lower
class boundaries of the modal
 Example
X= Lbmo + [ __D1 ] Cm
Class Frequenc
Interval y (f) D1 + D2
51-55 4 X= 65.5 + [ 6 ] 5
56-60 3
61-65 4
6+1
66-70 10 X= 69.79
71-75 9 most of the data valúes is a
76-80 7 around 69.79
81-85 5
86-90 8