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 BASIC
CEPHALOMETRY

- Raj K Gaddam

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 Contents
• History
• Radiographic cephalometric Technique
• Tracing technique
• Normal Radiographic Anatomy and Identificaton
of Landmarks
• Lines and planes
• Applications of Cephalometrics
• Limiatations of Cephalometrics
• Advances in Cephalometrics
• Conclusion.

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Cephalometrics includes the
measurement, description, and
appraisal of morphological
congifuration and growth changes
in the skull.

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Historically, human form
has been measured for
many purposes, one has
been to aid humanity’s self
portrayal in sculpture,
drawing and painting.
Another has been to test
the relation
of physique to health,
temperament and
behavioral traits
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Egyptian art (3000 B.C)

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Byzantine art (7th Century B.C)

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Indian sculpture (1200 A.D)

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• Anthropometry defined as systemized
art of measuring and taking observations on
man, his skeleton, his brain, and other
organs by the most reliable means and
methods and for scientific purposes.

• Craniometry is the measurement of

cranial features in order to classify people
according to race, criminal temperament,
intelligence, etc.
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Hippocrates
(460-357 BC)
known as
Father of Medicine
was a pioneer in
physical
anthropology.

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In 15th century,
Leonardo di vinci (1452-1519)
was one of the earliest people
to apply the theory of head
measurement to good affect
in practice.

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He used a variety of lines
related to specific structures in
the head to assist in the
studies of human norm 13
Albrecht Durer (1471-
1528) used a similar
horizontal line for his
base line. He
published 4 books on
Human proportions.

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This is the work
of first published
attempt to apply
Anthropometry
to aesthetics.

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In 16th century,
Spigel(1578-1625) made the first truly
scientific attempt at cranial measurement
by publishing
“Lineae cephalometicae”.

He mentioned Facial, Occipital,

Frontal, Sincipital lines.

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The Dutchman
Petrus camper
(1722-1789) was
particularly concerned
with the distinction of
different races of men.

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He introduced
‘Facial angle’
which has
been used
widely since
then.

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Golden proportions

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 Wilhelm conrad Rontgen

Invented X-Rays in
1895 which
revolutionized the
Diagnostic medicine

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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901
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Van Loon First to introduce
Cephalometrics to Orthodontics
A J Pacini First identified
(1921) N, Pog,Go,ANS,S

Simpson First to give Method of

(1923) obtaining Profile radiographs

Waldron First to construct a

Cephalometer
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Holly broadbent
Director of Bolton-Brush
study, world’s most
extensive longitudinal
growth study.

Redefined
Craniostat and
standardized
cephalometric
technique
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Radiographic cephalometric
Technique

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 Cephalometer

It is an instrument for holding the patients head and

the X-ray film in a desired relation to each other and
to the central ray of the X-ray machine.

Components:

X - Ray source
Adjustable cephalostat
Film cassette with intensifying screen (8” x10”)
Film casette holder
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• The orbital pointer and ear rods make it
possible to adjust the patients head along
Frankfort Horizontal plane

• Central ray will go directly through the ear

rods, which will appear as a circle on the
radiographs. So therefore, slightest
deviation will alter the appearance of ear
rods.

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 Schematic Representation of an X-ray Tube

Cathode with Evacuated Anode with

filament glass envelope focal spot

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