Cardiovascular and Lymphoid

Systems
Angela Meike Indrayani / 130221230511
Devita Widjaja / 130221230501
Dhany Febriantara /
Aditya Fajri Pramana / 131821230504
Roshida Fitri Riphat / 131421230503
Ischemia, Infarction, and Necrosis in Arteriosclerosis

- Ischemia : diminished blood flow

to a tissue, a common cause of
acute cell injury underlying
human disease.
Ischemia, Infarction, and Necrosis in Arteriosclerosis

- Infarct : area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular

supply, a common and extremely important cause of clinical illness.
- Factors that influence infarct development:
● Anatomy of the vascular supply.
● Rate of occlusion.
● Tissue vulnerability to ischemia.
● Hypoxemia.
Ischemia, Infarction, and Necrosis in Arteriosclerosis

- Necrosis : cell death that is

associated with loss of
membrane integrity and
leakage of cellular contents →
dissolution of cells, resulting
from the degradative action of
enzymes on lethally injured
cells.
 Incompetent Valves in Varicose Vein

● Veins = Blood vessels that carry low-oxygen

blood back to the right atrium.
● Low venous pressure ➝ vein walls are thinner
● Venous valves ➝ muscle contraction ➝
squeeze the blood ➝ blood flow towards the
heart ➝ blood pulled downward by gravity ➝
valves prevent backflows
 Incompetent Valves in Varicose Vein

● Deep veins and superficial veins are

connected by perforator vessels ➝ allow
blood flow from the superficial veins to
the deep veins ➝ not vice versa
● Incompetent perforator vessel valves ➝
blood flows back into the superficial veins
➝ overload ➝ enlargement and swelling
of the superficial veins ➝ varicose veins
● Varicose veins ➝ enlarged veins
diameter ➝ worsen
Lymphagenous Cancer Spread
 Lymphagenous Cancer Spread
- Lymphogenous ->
most common route
- Physicians must
know the drainage
(forward/backward)
Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis, and Lymphedema

Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Lymphedema

Acute inflammation of lymphatic vessels due to Lymph node enlargement due to Swelling due to blocked lymph fluid
bacterial infection commonly ß hemolytic streptococci infection Primary : Congenital defect
Red streak Secondary : Cancer, radiation, surgery,
Filariasis
SOURCE
● Szuba, Andrzej & Shin, William & Strauss, H & Rockson, Stanley. (2003). The
third circulation: Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of
lymphedema. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of
Nuclear Medicine. 44. 43-57.
● Mohseni, S., Shojaiefard, A., Khorgami, Z., Alinejad, S., Ghorbani, A., &
Ghafouri, A. (2014). Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic
tools. Iranian journal of medical sciences, 39(2 Suppl), 158–170.
● Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Moore, 8ed, page 164-182
THANK YOU