’

Uses
What is it?? electromagnetic
wavelengths,
coming from a
light AAS provides a high
• Calcium source degree of
• Magnesium accuracy, normally
• Copper produced results in

Elements
involved
• Nickel a range of
• Cadmium
0.5-5%
accuracy
• Lead Components
• Light source
• Atomization system
• Monochromator
• Detection system
 Two ways to atomise
How?? the sample:
Flame aspiration

which involves
transferring a solution
into a flame, where most
Sample preparation is
of it is vaporised.
done by weighing a fixed
amount of the sample and
diluting it into a solution
before introducing it to
the AAS instrument,
which will then vapourize
the sample before Electrothermal
atomizing it. atomisation

where the sample is

placed in a hollow
graphite tube, and, once
heated, is vapourised
completely.
Two types of ion chromatography
What is
it??
Form of chromatography that
separates ions and ionizable polar
molecules based on their affinity to
ion exchanger

• Fluoride Anion exchange Cation exchange

• Bromide
• Chloride Uses a positively charged Used when the molecule
• Nitrate Elements ion exchange resin with an of interest is positively
• Nitrite affinity for molecules
charged
• Phosphate having net negative surface
• Sulphate
Involved changes
 1.
A sample of the
mixture to be
analyzed is
injected into a
carrier fluid

4. 2.
As the eluent flows
The combination
through the column the
components of the is passed through
analyte will move down
the column at different
HOW?? a column
containing a
speeds and therefore
separate from one
stationary fixed
another material

3.
Different dissolved
materials adhere to the
adsorbent with different
forces. The ones that
adhere strongly are moved
through the adsorbent
more slowly as the eluent
flows over them
 What is it???

• Analytical technique used for the Advantages & Disadvantages

detection and quantification of
trace elements and isotopes
• Combining ICP and MS

Elements Involved

• Aluminium
• Antimony Advantages Disadvantages
• Arsenic
• Bromide • Multi-element technique • Equipment cost
• Cadmium
• Large analytical range • Multiple high purity gases required
• Copper
• Iodine • Low detection limit • Laboratory set up cost (air-cond,
• Tin • Simple sample preparation HEPA filters, pipe works, etc)
• Zinc
 HOW??
Use Ar plasma to convert the
Sample introduction system to Plasma (ICP) to convert the
sample into ions then Interface to extract the ions
form a fine aerosol mist from elements in the sample aerosol
measured using a mass into the vacuum system
the liquid sample to ions
spectrometer

Ion lens to focus the ions and Collision/reaction cell (CRC) to

Mass spectrometer (MS) to The electron multiplier
separate them from resolve the analyte ions from
filter the analyte ions by mass detector
background signals interfering ions

Data processing
 What is it??
Advantages
• An analytical technique used to separate, identify or
quantify each component in a mixture. • Speed
• It is the main chromatography technique used in most • Efficiency
laboratories worldwide. • Accuracy
•Versatile and extremely
precise when it comes to
identifying and quantifying
Types of HPLC chemical components.
• Normal phase: Column packing is polar and the mobile Advantages &
phase is non-polar.
• Reverse phase: The column packing is non-polar, the Disadvantages
mobile phase is water+ miscible solvent Disadvantages
• Ion exchange: Column packing contains ionic groups
and the mobile phase is buffer. • HPLC can be costly,
•Size exclusion: Molecules diffuse into pores of a requiring large quantities
porous medium and are separated according to their of
relative size to the pore size. expensive organics.
• Low sensitivity for certain
compounds
HOW??
2.
The pressure makes
the technique much
faster compared to
column
1.
chromatography 3.
The column packing
The components of a
material or adsorbent
mixture are separated
or stationary phase is
from each other due
typically a granular
to their different
material of solid
degrees of interaction
particles such as silica
with the absorbent
or polymers. 4. particles
Compared to column
chromatography, HPLC
is highly automated
and extremely
sensitive.
 What is it??
• Analytical technique that
encompasses method that involve the
measurement of emitted light as atom
that involve the measurement of
emittled light from
excited state to ground state.
• Used to determine the concentration of
alkali and alkaline earth metals in a
sample.
Components
• Flowmeter
• Burner chamber
• Emission chamber
• Compressor
Advantages
Advantages & • Simplicity
• Rapid analysis
Disadvantages • Cost effectiveness
Disadvantages
• Sample preparation, standardisation
techniques, element interferences, and
instrument characteristics must be
carefully evaluated for each analytical
procedure employed.
• Background emission as the flame itself
may emit radiation from it’s
surrounding.
• Interference issue as some element may
have a similar wavelength.
 2. 3.
The high flame The excited
would excites atom will emit
the atom of light at
element inside specific
the sample wavelength

HOW??
1. 4.
The sample The intensity
were of emitted
light were
introduced to
measured using
the flame to
a
vaporise it spectrometer

5.
The light intensity
then was related
to concentration
using a calibration
curve
• Stute, M. (n.d.). How does an IC work? https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~martins/eda/Ic_lec.html
https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~martins/eda/Ic_lec.html

• Wilschefski, S. C., & Baxter, M. R. (2019). Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Introduction to Analytical Aspects. The
Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 40(3), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.33176/AACB-19-00024

• -https://www.agilent.com/en/product/atomic-spectroscopy/inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms/what-is-icp-ms-
icp-ms-faqs

• Aryal, S. (2023). HPLC: Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, Diagram https://microbenotes.com/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-

hplc/

• Koester, V. (2016). What is HPLC? Chemistry Europe. https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/9464911/What_is_HPLC/

• Bachhav, R.., Bhamare, M., Bachhav, R., Sonawane, G., Pansare, K., & Patil, D. (2023). Review of High Performance Liquid
Chromatography and Its Applications. JPPS, 12(3).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375029042_Review_of_High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography_and_Its_Applicatio
ns

• Walsh, L. M., Isaac, R. A., & Kerber, J. D. (1971). Atomic Absorption and Flame Photometry: Techniques and Uses in Soil, Plant, and
Water Analysis. ACSESS Publications. https://doi.org/10.2136/1971.instrumentalmethods.c2

• Prager, M. J., & Seitz, W. R. (1975). Flame emission photometer for determining phosphorus in air and natural waters. Analytical
Chemistry, 47(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60351a008