General Chemistry II (Lesson 2)

Novey M. Constantino-Salise
1. Percent by Mass
2. Mole Fraction (X)
3. Molarity (M)
4.Molality (m)
5. Percent by
Volume
6. Parts of a
1. Percent by Mass
-also called percent by
weight/weight percent)
- Is the ratio of the mass
of a solute to the mass
of the solution,
multiplied by 100 The percent by mass is a unitless number because it is a
percent. ratio of two similar quantities.
1. Percent by Mass
Ex. Suppose that a Given:
solute – 25.0g
solution was prepare solution – 25.0 g + 100.0 = 125.0 g
dissolving 25.0 g of sugar
into 100.0 water.
Calculate the mass
percent.
1. Percent by Mass
Sample
Problem
What is the weight percent of
sodium chloride in a solution
that is made by dissolving 2.35
g of NaCl in 7.45 of 𝐻2O
Seatwork #1:
1.
Compute for the
percent by mass
concentration of
18.5 g sodium chloride
(NaCl) dissolved in water
to make 175 g solution.
2. Mole Fraction (X)
-the number of moles of a specific component in the
solution divided by the total number of moles in the
given solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
Mole fraction of component A (𝑋𝐴 ) = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
2. Mole Fraction (X)
Ex.1:
Solution:
What is the mole fraction
Assume there is exactly 100
of the solute in a 40% by g of solution. Because the
mass ethanol (𝐶2𝐻6O) solution is 40% ethanol
solution in water? (𝐶2𝐻6O), it contains 40
grams of ethanol and 60
grams of water.
3. Molarity
Sample Problem 1:
(M)
-the number of Determine the molarity of the
moles of solute in solution with 0.12 mol of
1L of solution. Co𝐶𝑙2 in 256 mL of
- mol/L solution?
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity=
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4. Molality (m)
Sample Problem 1:
-the number of Calculate the molality (m) of a
moles of solute 7.55 kg sample of a solution of the
dissolved in 1kg of solute C𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝒍𝟐 (molar mass =
solvent. 84.93 g/mol) dissolved in the
- mol/kg solvent acetone (C𝑯𝟑 CO𝑯𝟑 C) if
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molality= the sample contains 929 g of
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)
methylene chloride.
5. Percent by
Volume
-is used to express the concentration of a solution
when the volume of a solute and the volume of a
solution are given, multiplied by 100.
- The percent by mass is a unitless number because
it is a ratio of two similar quantities.
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Percent by volume= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
x 100%
5. Percent by
Volume
Sample Problem #1:
In a solution, there is
122.4 mL solvent and
5.24 mL solute present.
Find the percent by
volume.
6. Parts per million
(ppm)
- how many parts a certain
molecule or compound Sample Problem 1:
makes up within the one A solution has a
million parts of the whole concentration of 1.24 g/L.
solution. What is its concentration in
1 𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ppm?
1 ppm=
1 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Quiz 2: Molarity and
Molality
1. What is the 2. Calculate the molality (m)
molarity of a solution of a 3.16 kg sample of a
solution of the solute Cu𝑺𝑶𝟒
containing 1.7 mol of
(molar mass = 159.62 g/mol)
acetic acid dissolved in the solvent
(H𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 ) in 350 acetone (C𝑯𝟑 CO𝑯𝟑 C) if the
mL of solution? sample contains 373 g.