Transportation Network V2

The Geography of
Transport Systems
Transportation and
the Spatial Structure
Copyright © 1998-2021, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Information cited from this

document should be referred as:
Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2020) The
Geography of Transport Systems,
Hofstra University, Department of
Global Studies & Geography,
https://transportgeography.org/.
Table of
Contents
• The Geography of
Transportation Networks
• Transport and Spatial
Organization
• Transport and Location
• Information Technologies
and Mobility
Transportation systems are commonly
represented using networks as an analogy for
their structure and flows.
The term network refers to the framework of

routes within a system of locations, identified
as nodes. A route is a single link between two
nodes that are part of a larger network that can
refer to tangible routes such as roads and rails,
or less tangible routes such as air and sea
corridors.
Geography is the study of places
and the relationships between people
and their environments.
Spatial structures, such as sites,

buildings, storey, or spaces, may
contain physical elements, including
building, distribution, and furnishing
elements.
Network Options
LEAST COST TO USE LEAST COST TO BUILD HYBRID
Network Structures
Structural Components of Transport Networks
Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks
Point-to-point and hub-and-spoke networks are at opposite ends of the connectivity
spectrum. A point-to-point network connects directly to a set of locations without any
interruption of services (e.g. pick up or drop off) even if the route itself may not be direct.
A (pure) hub-and-spoke network connects every location through a single intermediary
location called a hub. As a network structure, hub-and-spoke allows for greater flexibility
within the transport system through a concentration of flows.
The main advantages of the hubs are:
• Economies of scale on connections by offering a high frequency of services. For

instance, instead of one service per day between any two pairs in a point-to-
point network, four services per day could be possible.
• Economies of scale at the hubs enable the potential development of an efficient

distribution system since the hubs handle larger quantities of traffic.
• Economies of scope in the use of shared transshipment facilities. This can take
several dimensions, such as lower costs for the users as well as higher quality
infrastructures.
Identify factors that affect the choice of
channel of distribution
• Nature of market: many aspects of the market determine the choice of channel of
distribution The most important consideration in choosing a distribution channel is
the market segment the producer wants to reach. Changes in consumer buying
behavior may influence a channel decision.
• Nature of Product: considerably affects the choice of channel of distribution.
• Nature of the company: a firm having enough financial resources can afford to
own a distribution force and retail outlet, or both.
• Middlemen consideration: the right kind of middlemen having the necessary
experience, contacts, financial strength, and integrity are available, their use is
preferred as they can ensure the success of newly introduced products.
Milk run in
logistics
Milk run is a delivery approach that
involves using one vehicle to pick up
goods from various suppliers and
transporting them in a single
shipment to one customer.
Disadvantages of
milk run logistics
• very complex to implement
• small mistakes could cause
significant harm to your supply
chain.
• costly transition
Advantages of milk
run logistics
• reduces the risk of stockouts
and ensures that stock is
constantly replenished.
• reduced carbon emissions.
• improve their production
quality and ensure lower defect
rates.
• Reference: https://www.shipbob.com/blog/milk-run-logistics/

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Transportation Network V2

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The Geography of

If you have accessed this document

Information cited from this

The term network refers to the framework of

Spatial structures, such as sites,

LEAST COST TO USE LEAST COST TO BUILD HYBRID

• Economies of scale on connections by offering a high frequency of services. For

• Economies of scale at the hubs enable the potential development of an efficient

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