System Analysis, Design,

And Development
Concepts, Principles, and Practices

Part I: System Analysis Concepts

System Mission Concepts Series

By Mazen Salah El Dien Mahmoud

Supervised by Dr. Maher
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

1 Introduction

2 Organization Missions Within the Enterprise

3 The strategic, Tactical Planning Loop

I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

4 System Element Resources

5 Existing System/Product Capabilities

6 User Moments of Truth

I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

7 Mission Gap Analysis

8 Prioritized Operational Needs

9 System , Mission Objectives

I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

10 Operating Environment

11 Mission System

12 Mission, System Requirements

I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

Introduction
Our discussion introduces the closed loop system of
organizational entity relationships that define requirements
for a system in terms of the organization’s roles, missions,
and objectives. The description centers on technical
accountability and discusses how system capability and
performance requirements are derived to address the
organization’s assigned OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
problem and solution spaces.
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

Organization Missions Within the Enterprise

The organizations procure systems to support

strategic and tactical objectives. The
operational need is deeply rooted in
understanding the organization’s vision and
mission. Organizationally we model the
strategic and tactical planning process . In
general, the process consists of a Strategic
Planning Loop and a Tactical Planning Loop
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications
The strategic Planning Loop
An outcome-based, global or
business domain document that
expresses the organizational vision,
missions, and objectives of
WHERE it wants to be at some
point in time and what it wants to
accomplish in the long term,
typically five years or more hence.
The Tactical Planning Loop
Executive management
decomposes strategic objectives
into tactical objectives and assigns
the objectives to various
organizational elements within
time frame and resource
constraints, typically one year or
less.
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications
System Element Resources

System element resources in inventory and their current

conditions represent the existing system/product
capabilities.

Existing System/Product Capabilities

Effective mission gap analysis requires a realistic, introspective

assessment of the existing system/product capabilities.
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications
User Moments of Truth

Real world field data based on User moments of truth

represent a level of risk that does have an impact on the
organization, physical assets, or human life.

Mission Gap Analysis

Mission gap analysis focuses more in-depth on a strengths,

weaknesses, threats, and opportunities (SWOT) or gap analysis
between the organization’s existing system, product, or service
capabilities, operational state of readiness and targets of
opportunity (TOOs) or threats.
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

System Every system, product, or service is characterized by a set of operational need-

Objectives based objectives that drive the system’s missions and applications.

Mission The vehicle’s system objectives must be capable of supporting multiple mission
Objectives objectives that are User-oriented and support all system stakeholders.
I.1 Organizational Roles, Missions, and System Applications

MISSION SYSTEM must be physically configured to meet the specific mission

Mission requirements. These requirements include mission objectives, mission
System outcomes, and Mission Event Timelines—as part of the organizational roles and
missions.

MISSION SYSTEM objectives are achieved by procuring and implementing MISSION

SYSTEMS designed specifically for satisfy Mission Requirements .
Mission
Requirements
In general, systems are procured to handle a diversity of missions ranging from
highly specialized to very general.
I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

1 What is Solution Space?

2 Types of System Opportunities:

3 What is Opportunity space?

I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

4 What is problem space?

5 How do we forecast a problem space in system

capabilities with some level of confidence?

6 When Does a “Gap” Become a Problem?

I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

7 The boundaries of problem space

8 What's the problem statement?

9 How do you write a problem statement?

I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

10 What is the solution space?

11 How does organization resolve gaps between a

problem space and its solution space?

12 Boundaries of solution space

 I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

Solution A bounded abstraction that represents a capability and level of performance that, when
Space implemented, is intended to satisfy all or a portion of a higher level problem space.

Types of
System 1. Time-based. Waiting for the right time.
Opportunities 2. Location-based. Waiting for a lease to expire.

Organizations that are proactive in recognizing opportunities initiate risk

Opportunity
mitigation actions to prevent hazards from occurring and becoming
space
problems—or tomorrow’s corporate headlines.
I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

An abstraction within a system’s OPERATING ENVIRONMENT or mission space that represents an actual,
problem perceived, or evolving gap, hazard, or threat to an existing capability. The potential threat is perceived either
to pose some level of financial, security, safety, health, or emotional, risk to the User or to have already had
Space an adverse impact on the organization and its success. One or lower level solution space systems, products,
or services resolve the problem space.

When Does a “Gap” Become a Problem?

Gap Obviously, you know you have a problem when it occurs such as malfunction, emergency, or
catastrophic events.

Boundaries
of problem Elusive and vague. Consider civil unrest and wars in countries where people
space take sides but look, dress, and communicate similarly.
I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

How do we forecast a problem space in system capabilities with

some level of confidence?

The answer resides in the organizational and system level

strategic and tactical plans, system missions, and objectives.

Organizational strategic and tactical plans establish the

reference framework for evaluating current capabilities versus
planned capabilities. The results may indicate a potential GAP
in capabilities and/or levels of performance.
I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces
What's the problem
statement
A brief, concise statement of
fact that clearly describes an
undesirable state or condition
without identifying the source
or actions required to solve the
problem.
Rules to write problem
statement
1. Avoid identifying the source
or root cause of a problem.
2. Identify the operational
scenario or operating
conditions under which the
problem occurs.
3. Avoid stating any explicit or
implicit solutions
I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces
What is the solution
space?
Solution spaces are
characterized by a variety of
boundary conditions:
1. Distinct, rigid boundaries.
2. Fuzzy, blurry boundaries.
3. Overlapping or conflicting
boundaries.
Boundaries of solution
space
1. The potential reactions of
competitors and adversaries.
2. HOW the new system,
product, or service minimizes
susceptibility and vulnerability
to those threats, at least for a
reasonable period of time.
I.2 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces

How does organization resolve gaps between a

problem space and its solution space?

-If the gap is of a defensive nature, the system or product

may be vulnerable or susceptible to acts of aggression
and hostilities from competitors or adversaries.

- If the gap represents a deficiency in an offensive

capability, work must be performed to eliminate the gap
by upgrading system capabilities and performance.
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment

What’s the purpose of the system Behavioral

1 Response ModeL?

2 What are The key elements of the model?

I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment

Natural Environment threat

3 sources

Human-Made systems environments threat

4 sources

5 Induced Environment threat sources

I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment

6 What are the system countermeasures?

What's meant by a system compliance with its

7 operating environment?

What are the consequence of system

8 noncompliance with its operating environment?
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment

9 Identify the levels of system interactions

10 Types of system interactions with its operating

environment
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment
What’s the purpose of the system Behavioral Response
Model?

The OPERATING ENVIRONMENT architecture, served

as a high-level model to illustrate a SYSTEM OF
INTEREST’s interactions with its OPERATING
ENVIRONMENT.

Example
An organization’s executive management formulates a strategic plan based on its
vision and analysis of the OPERATING ENVIRONMENT—in threats and
opportunities—as well as tactical plans . The vision, philosophy, missions, and
mission objectives conveyed in these documents, as well as its command media—its
policies and procedures—establish how the organization and elements of the
organization are to respond to the PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment

Example1
Two people from different countries speaking different languages
may attempt to communicate—an interaction or engagement
between system entities. We could say their voice communications
are compatible—transmitting and receiving. However, they are
unable to decode, process, assimilate, or “connect” what
information is being communicated—interoperability.
Example2
You can have an RS-232 data communications interface between
two systems that use a standard cable and connectors for
transmitting and receiving data. Thus, the interface is physically
compatible. However, the data port may not be enabled or the
receiving system’s software capable of decoding and interpreting the
information—interoperability

The key elements of the model are

Higher Order System Domain which include:

Organization, Roles& Mission, Operating Constraints,
Resources
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment
Examples of Human-Made systems Examples of Natural Environment
environments threat sources threat sources

Include primarily PERSONNEL and EQUIPMENT elements. The Depending on perspective, include lightning, hail,
motives and actions of the external systems delineate wind, rodents, and disease.
friendly, competitive, adversarial, or hostile intent.

Examples of Induced Environment

threat sources
Include contaminated landfills, electromagnetic
interference (EMI), space debris, ship wakes, and
aircraft vortices.
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment
What are the system countermeasures?

System Tactics
When systems interact with their
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT, they
often ENGAGE threats or
opportunities. Systems and system
threats often employ or exhibit a
series of evasive actions intended to
conceal, deceive, or camouflage the
target of opportunity (TOO).
Generally, when evasive tactics do not
work, systems deploy
countermeasures to disrupt or distract
hostile actions. Let’s examine this
topic further.
Threat Counter-
Threat Countermeasures Countermeasures
(CCM)
To counter the impact or effects of
threats on a system, systems often
employ threat countermeasures. Sometimes system threats
Threat countermeasures are any compromise the established security
physical action performed by a system mechanisms by deploying counter-
to deter a threatening action or countermeasures (CCM) to offset the
counter the impact of a threat—i.e., effects of a TOO’s countermeasures.
survivability. Sometimes adversarial
systems acquire or develop the
technology to counter the TOO’s
system countermeasures.
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment
What's meant by a system
compliance with its operating
environment?
The balance of power of systems,
coupled with humankind’s general
desire for peace and harmony,
requires systems to comply with
standards imposed by society.
What are the consequences of
system noncompliance with its
operating environment?
When a system fails to adhere to
established standards, it places itself
at risk with society. Society’s
response to a lack of compliance
generally involves formal or informal
notification, establishment that
noncompliance occurred,
adjudication of the degree or
noncompliance, and sentencing in
accordance with prescribed
consequences or penalties.
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment
Identify the levels of system interactions

HUMAN-MADE SYSTEMS exhibit a higher level of behavior that reflects a desire to

Strategic advance our current condition as a means of achieving higher level vision.
Interactions
These strategic interactions are actually implemented via a series of
premeditated missions—tactical interactions—with specific mission bjectives.

All life forms exhibit various types of tactics that enable the system to survive,
Tactical reproduce, and sustain itself. We refer to a system’s implementation of these tactics
Interactions within the confines of its operating environment as tactical interactions. In general, this
response mechanism focuses all existing survival needs in the short term—obtaining the
next meal.
I.3 System Interactions with its Operating Environment

Types of system interactions with its operating

environment

SUPPORT SYSTEM Element, Personal element, MISSION

RESOURCES Element, FACILITIES Element,
PROCEDURALDATA Element, EQUIPMENT Element
EQUIPMENT
I.4 System Mission Analysis

1 What's meant by mission?

2 What's meant by Phase of Operation?

3 What's meant by Waypoint ?

I.4 System Mission Analysis

4 What's a Mission Event Timeline (MET)?

5 What is mission task analysis?

What are the primary mission phases of

6 operation?
I.4 System Mission Analysis
What system related operations and
7 decisions are performed during the pre-
mission phase?

What system related operations and

8 decisions are performed during the
mission phase?

What system related operations and

9 decisions are performed during the post
mission? To:
I.4 System Mission Analysis

What's meant by mission? What's meant by Phase of Operation?

A high-level, objective-based abstraction

The primary purpose of any system is to satisfy
representing a collection of SYSTEM OF INTEREST
individual or organizational objectives with an
(SOI) operations required to support
expected tangible or intangible return on
accomplishment of a system’s mission. For
investment (ROI).
example, a system has pre-mission, mission, and
post mission phases.
I.4 System Mission Analysis

What's meant by Waypoint ? What's a Mission Event Timeline (MET)?

Once we establish the waypoints, the next task is

A geographical or objective-based point of
to determine waypoint time constraints. We refer
reference along a planned roadmap to mark
to these time constraints as milestone
progress and measure performance.
requirements derived from the mission event
timeline (MET). The MET can be presented as a
simple, high-level schedule down to a highly
detailed, multi-level, networked schedule.
 I.4 System Mission Analysis

What is mission task analysis? What are the primary mission phases of operation?

The mission analysis should:

Every mission is characterized by at least three
1. Identify the high-level outcome-based mission mission phases of operation:
tasks to be performed.
2. Synchronize those tasks to the Mission Event 1) pre-mission,
Timeline (MET). 2) mission, and
3. Identify the task performance-based objectives. 3) post-mission.
I.4 System Mission Analysis
What system related operations and decisions are performed
during the pre-mission phase?

To ensure that the SYSTEM OF INTEREST (SOI) (i.e., MISSION SYSTEM and
SUPPORT SYSTEM) is fully prepared, configured, operationally available
and ready to conduct its organizational mission when directed

What system related operations and decisions are

performed during the mission phase?

To conduct the mission SYSTEM OF INTEREST (SOI). Besides

achieving the SOI’s mission objectives, one must mitigate
mission risks and ensure the system’s safe operation and return.
I.4 System Mission Analysis
What system related operations and decisions
are performed during the post mission?
1. Analyze mission outcome(s) and performance objective results.

2. Replenish system consumables and expendables, as applicable.

3. Refurbish the system.

4. Capture lessons learned.

5. Analyze and debrief mission results.

6. Improve future system and mission performance.

I.5 System Use Cases and Scenarios

1 What is a system use case?

2 What are the attributes of a use case?

What is a use case analysis and how do

3 you perform one?
I.5 System Use Cases and Scenarios

How do use cases relate to system

4 capability requirements?
I.5 System Use Cases and Scenarios

What is a system use case?

A statement that expresses how the User

envisions deploying, operating, supporting,
or disposing of a system, product, or service to
achieve a desired performance-based
outcome.
I.5 System Use Cases and Scenarios
What are the attributes of a use case?

1-Unique identifier
2- Objective 5- Processing capabilities
3-Outcome-based results 6-Scenarios and consequences
•Probability of occurrence
4- Assumptions
•Initial state •Use case scenario actors
•Final state •Stimuli and cues
•Environmental conditions •Consequences
•Preceding circumstances (optional) •Compensating/mitigating actions
•Operating constraints
•External inputs
•Resources
•Event-based timeline
•Frequency of occurrence and utility priorities
I.5 System Use Cases and Scenarios
What is a use case analysis and how do you perform one?

From a SE perspective, use case analysis should be a key tool of any

system development effort.

UML® tools are useful in understanding the stimuli, cues,

and behavioral responses between interacting systems.
Sequence diagrams serve as a key tool. Sequence
diagrams consist of actors and lifelines

Example:
Let’s suppose a User (actor) interacts with a calculator (actor)
to accomplish a task to perform a mathematical calculation and
communicate the results.
I.5 System Use Cases and Scenarios
How do use cases relate to system capability requirements?

The heart of a use case centers on stimulus-response

processing for a specified set of conditions to produce the
desired or required outcome. Some domains refer to this as
a transfer or response function.

Example
A photovoltaic or solar cell transforms sunlight into electrical energy.
Examples of Human-Made systems Examples of Natural Environment
environments threat sources threat sources
Mazen

Thank You
Salah El Dien

Dr.
Supervised By Maher