Introduction

Structured Query Language

(SQL)
Course Level : Beginners (University Students)
Instructor : Ahmad H. Al Kheraisat
Information Technology Center
Director Technical Assistant
 What is SQL ?

What is The Purpose of SQL

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 The Most popular database
management system (DBMS)

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 Microsoft SQL
Server 2019
Express
Installation link
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/Download/details.aspx?id=101064
SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server 2019 Express Installation

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SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)

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SQL Server Management Studio Installation

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SQL Server Management Studio Installation

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Starting SQL Server Management Studio

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Starting SQL Server Management Studio

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Database Column Datatype Sample

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SQL (Structured Query Language) used to manage and
manipulate relational databases. The following are the types
of SQL commands:

1- Data Definition Language (DDL) commands:

CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

2- Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands:

SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

3- Data Control Language (DCL) commands:

GRANT, REVOKE

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 SQL Operators

• SQL Arithmetic Operators:

+ - * /

• SQL Comparison Operators:

= , <> != , > , < , >= , <=

• SQL Logical Operators:

AND, OR, NOT

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 AND Truth Table

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OR Truth Table

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NOT Truth Table

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Primary Key
A primary key is a unique identifier for each record (row).
The primary key is used to enforce the integrity of the data by
ensuring that each record has a unique identifier.
The following are the conditions that a primary key must meet:
1.Uniqueness:
• Each value in the primary key column must be unique.
2.Not-null:
• The primary key values cannot be null (empty).
3.Irreversibility:
• The primary key values cannot be changed once they are assigned.

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Foreign Key
A foreign key is a field in a relational database table that is used to establish a
relationship with another table. The foreign key in one table is used to reference the
primary key in another table.
The following are the conditions that a foreign key must meet:
1. Referenced Key:
•The foreign key must reference a primary key in another table.
2. Not-null:
•The foreign key values cannot be null (empty).
3. Consistency:
•The values in the foreign key must correspond to the values in the referenced
primary key.

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PK Examples

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FK Example

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SQL Comments

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SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) commands
CREATE TABLE Example 1 :

Text : CREATE TABLE Employee

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(
CREATE TABLE Example 2 :

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Text: CREATE TABLE EmployeeProjects
CREATE View :

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Text: CREATE VIEW EmployeeInfo AS
Drop Command :

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Truncate Command :

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Alter Table Command :

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SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands

1.SELECT: used to retrieve data from a database

2.INSERT: used to insert data into a table
3.UPDATE: used to modify existing data in a
table
4.DELETE: used to delete data from a table

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SELECT Statement example 1

SELECT EmployeeID, EmployeeName, Salary FROM Employee;

SELECT Statement example 2

SELECT * FROM Employee;

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SELECT Statement example 3
Where Clause

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SELECT Statement example 4
Where Clause

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SELECT Statement example 5
Where Clause and patterns Like Operator

% anyone
? any characters
character (Oracle) _ any one character (SQL
Server)

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SELECT Statement example 6
Where Clause and patterns Like Operator

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SELECT Statement example 7
Where Clause and between Operator

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SELECT Statement example 8
Where Clause and (IN) Operator

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SELECT Statement example 9
Where Clause and is NULL Operator

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SELECT Statement example 10
Using mathematical expression and alias name

SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, Salary, Salary * 0.16 AS Tax

FROM Employee;

SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, Salary, Salary + 50 AS Bonus

FROM Employee;

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SELECT Statement example 11
Using mathematical expression and alias name

SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, Salary, (Salary - (Salary * 0.1)) AS Deduction

FROM Employee;

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SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL aggregate functions are functions that perform a calculation on
a set of values and return a single value. Some of the most commonly
used SQL aggregate functions are:

1. COUNT: returns the number of rows in a table

2. SUM: returns the sum of all the values in a column
3. AVG: returns the average of all the values in a column
4. MIN: returns the minimum value in a column
5. MAX: returns the maximum value in a column

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 1

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 2
Group By clause

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 3

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 4

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 5

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 6

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 7
Having clause

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 8
Relatively complex example

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Order By Clause

In SQL, ORDER BY is a clause used to sort the results of a query in

either ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order based on one or
more columns.
ASC specifies that the result should be sorted in ascending order,
which is the default behavior if you don't specify ASC or DESC.
DESC specifies that the result should be sorted in descending order.

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SQL Aggregate Functions Example 9
Order By

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Insert statement

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Update Statement

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Delete Statement

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Joining two Table

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Joining two Table with alias

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Joining three Table with alias

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Create User (Oracle)

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SQL Data Control Language (DCL) commands

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SQL Data Control Language (DCL) commands

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SQL (DCL) commands - Commit

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SQL (DCL) commands - Commit

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SQL (DCL) commands - Rollback

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Special Ms-Sql Server Functions

1. LEN: Returns the length of a string.

2. SUBSTRING: Returns a portion of a string.
3. CONVERT: convert from data type to another.
4.CONCAT: Concatenates two or more strings.
5. UPPER: Converts a string to uppercase.
6. LOWER: Converts a string to lowercase.
7. REPLACE: Replaces all occurrences of a specified string value
with another string value.
8. TRIM: Removes leading and trailing spaces from Field.

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SQL String Functions – Examples 1

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SQL String Functions – Examples 2

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SQL String Functions – Examples 3

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SQL String Functions – Examples 4

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SQL String Functions – Examples 5

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SQL String Functions – Examples 6

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SQL numbers Functions

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SQL numbers Functions example 1

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SQL numbers Functions example 2

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SQL numbers Functions example 3

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SQL numbers Functions example 4

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SQL numbers Functions example 5

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Oracle to_char function

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Oracle to_date function

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Oracle to_number function

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Oracle to_number function

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SQL server Date Conversion
List of Date conversion Code

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SQL server Date Conversion Examples 1

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SQL server Date Conversion Examples 2

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Case Study

SELECT
CONCAT('Employee Name: ',REPLACE(UPPER(firstname), 'A', '@'),' ' ,LastName) AS NewEmpName,
CONVERT(NVARCHAR, HireDate, 113) AS HireDate,
Salary AS OriginalSalary,
FLOOR(Salary * 0.20) AS BonusValue ,
FLOOR(SQRT(Salary)) AS DeductionValue ,
Salary + (FLOOR(Salary * 0.20) - FLOOR(SQRT(Salary))) AS NewSalary
FROM Employee
where Gender is not null
group by firstname,HireDate,Salary,LastName
having MIN(EmployeeID) > 0
order by Salary desc;

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Case Study Output

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Select data depend on another select
Get the employee who haven't projects

SELECT EmployeeID
,FirstName
,LastName FROM Employee where EmployeeID
not in (SELECT EmployeeID FROM
EmployeeProjects)

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Distinct Operator (Remove Duplicated Values)
SELECT EmployeeID FROM EmployeeProjects

SELECT distinct EmployeeID FROM EmployeeProjects

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Multiple select statement
select (select firstname from employee where EmployeeID=1) as firstname,(select
LastName from employee where EmployeeID=1) as LastName , salary
,(select sqrt(salary) from employee where EmployeeID=1) as sqrtsalary ,(select
salary * 0.15 from employee where EmployeeID=1) as '10%salary'
from employee where EmployeeID=1

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Advance Topics to Learn

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 Keep practice and
practice
Good
Luck

Course Level : Beginners (University Students)

Instructor : Ahmad H. Al Kheraisat
Information Technology Center
Director Technical Assistant