OBESITY MANAGEMENT

by (Name)

The Name of the Class (Course)

Professor (Tutor)

The Name of the School (University)

The Date

Introduction
• Obesity is one of the most common nutritional diseases rapidly spreading
globally hence developing concerns among global health bodies.
• This disease can be described as an excessive or abnormal fat components
derailing general body development, thus impairing most functional body
parts. This disease occurs among adults and children due to inadequate health •
education knowledge. obesity as Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than
30kg/m2, while extreme obesity is defined as greater than 40kg/m2 (Logue et
al., 2010). patients (Eckel, 2008).
Rationale
• The rationale of this study is to analyze the effects and management •
procedures of obesity among patients in the society through various
procedures.
Bibliography
• Carolyn is a thirty year old lady suffering from obesity with a body fat
content. When she came in the clinic, her diagnosis was 51.7% and a BMI of •
45.6kg/m2; hence revealing her obesity. She has a master’s degree holder in
management of economics and works as a civil servant. She has been
emotionally distressed and isolated among friends, family members, and
colleagues. She rarely takes alcohol but is highly dependent on soft drinks
(Seganfredo et al., 2017, p. 850)
• She has Experienced severe hypertensive attacks over the last few years due
to
obesity. The excessive body mass index and high-fat content have developed into
problems in mobility (Friedman and Kern, 2014, p. 734).
has never been successful (Horchner et al., 2002, p. 870).
• However, the doctors and nutritionists developed a dietary schedule
consisting of natural food supplements to reduce her weight.
• Enrolled in a clinical psychology program to reduce her emotional distresses
(Oser et al., 2021, p. 239).
Epidemiological and Demographic Data
Word Health Organization (WHO) survey reveals that 28% of adults are
obese.
• Obesity is defined by BMI of 30% and above (Bornman, 2007) .
• The House of Commons Library reveals that 75% of adults between 45-74
years in UK are obese (Logue et al., 2010) .
Since 1993 Obesity rate has risen in UK from 52.9% to 64% in 2019 (Eckel,
2008).
• WHO statistics reveals the proportion of obese have risen from 14.9% to
28.0%
(Bornman, 2007)
Obesity rate in UK is higher in women at 31% more than men at 26% (Eckel,
2008).
• The annual mortality rate of obesity stands at 32,000 deaths (Bornman,
2007) .
Fig. 1. Eckel, (2008)
 needs of obese patients while determining possible actions
Needs Assessment for Carolyn • health partners, patients and health practitioners in identifying and
determining the critical needs of obese patients while determining possible
Needs a assessment involves the structured process for identifying and addressing
actions.
critical needs of obese patients while identifying possible solutions (Bornman, • The development of HBM is to determine the possible health outcomes and
solutions for managing and mitigating obesity in among adults.
2007) . The difference between solutions and desires among obese patients are • The HBM model report is then integrated in the National health forum for
adequately determined. This patient required Bradshaw Taxonomy of Needs developing requisite plans and solutions for obese patients in the society.
• Through The Obesity Reported Well-being Carolyn’s needs assessment
namely:
procedures are appropriately factored and managed.(ORWELL-97),
(Kopelman, Caterson, and Dietz, 2009
Bradshaw Taxonomy of Needs
• Normative Needs; Involves criteria developed by health professionals to Fig. 2 (Bornman, 2007)
patients. It usually depends on the periodic health checks on the patient. This
need is recommended to Carolyn since the doctors will periodically assess her
well being, health and weight.
• Felt Needs: Felt needs are requisite changes required by patients in improving
their status. These needs are usually perceived by the society as vital and
differently defined by patients. They are mostly peace, happiness, healing and
wealth. For Carolyn wellness, it is vital to integrate felt needs (Baum and
Fisher, 2014, p. 222).
• Comparative Needs; These needs refers to societal health needs affecting
patients. Through comparison processes, patients know what is happening
around them. Carolyn needs such as social welfare and education in managing
her condition.
• Expressed Needs: Involves various people requiring health services. This need Fig 3. (Baum and Fisher, 2014).
is vital for Carolyn in identifying the requisite health requirements for her well
being.
Needs Assessment Stage
• In this case, the Health Belief Model(HBM) is used to integrate health partners,

Aims and Objectives for Managing Carolyn's Obesity
The aims for managing obesity among patients involves methods of mitigating
and reducing effects of the disease among patients. These are;
• Maintaining standard body weight; Involves healthy eating habits
• Preventing massive weight gain; Involves body exercises
• Preventing increased fat around the abdomen; healthy diets and body
exercises
• Minimizing health related complications due to obesity; Through
Communication and educating Carolyn.
Overall Interventions
• Eating healthy foods and diets. Reducing on sugared beverages and whole
grain vegetables. (Vegetables and fruit salads) (Bornman, 2007)
• Increasing physical activities such as gymnastics, yoga, running and
swimming (Vries, 1998).
• Developing nutritional education
• Training skills on minimizing obesity
• Group activities
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
Making every Contact Count (MECC)
• MECC is an evidence based technique aimed at improving patients
health and well-being through developing requisite behavioral change models. The
NICE 2019 reveals the importance of MECC by integrating health professionals and
patients in achieving possible behavioral solutions.
• MECC involves using each contact with patients to make a positive difference
in their health and well-being. It uses a behavior change approach to encourage
patients to make the change.
• MECC requires supporting patients manage and improve their health.
• MECC ensures effective behavioral interventions for health practitioners and
patients
Nurses’ Roles in managing Obesity
• Nurses are critical health practitioners in managing obesity. They are exemplary
in;
• Educating patients; Through trainings and oral communication
• Developing weight management programs; For reducing and maintaining
required weight among patients
• Developing nutritional programs; Ensuring patients enroll on appropriate diets
Fig. 4. (Vries, 1998).
 Behavior change models for Carolyn • risks of obesity and other disabilities she suffers from (Baum and Fisher,
2014, p. 222). These models include;
Behavioral change models are significant in developing cornerstone programs
and dietary guides for patients. These models are; • Educational; Enables Emily with medical educational approaches
impacting understanding and skills for developing effective clinical decisions
Pre-contemplation; Involves developing consciousness for radical change and (Barnes, 2008 p. 534). Patients are capable of evaluating their values and
identifying healthy eating habits. emotions for effective decision-making. Health practitioners are responsible
Contemplation; Analyzing involves analyzing the benefits of dietary change and for solving patients' issues.
evaluating false beliefs about eating habits • Medical; Enables Emily and health practitioners to collaborate through
Preparation; involves assessing effective eating habits models and developing developing decisions based on values and interests (Vries, 1998). The health
specific short-term goals Fig. 5 (Whitehead, 2001), p. 421). practitioners facilitate patients by empowering them with requisite
knowledge and skills. These skills enable patients to control their clinical
The Nudge Theory
destinies.
The Nudge Theory involves developing behavioral patterns and suggestions that • Client-centred ; Enables Emily and health practitioners to collaborate
positively impact and reinforce decision-making techniques among patients
through developing decisions based on values and interests (Vries, 1998).
(Bornman, 2007).
The health practitioners facilitate patients by empowering them with requisite
This theory is vital for Emily since it enables patients to think and behave while knowledge and skills. These skills enable patients to control their clinical
improving their well-being properly. Through change management, patients can destinies.
integrate decision-making techniques for their illness.
Health Promotion Methods
• Health promotion empowers patients to have authority over their wellness and
well-being regarding health matters. Health promotion improves patients' health
by focusing on various environmental and social intervention programs
(Whitehead, 2001, p. 420).
• In Emily's case, health promotion is vital in creating awareness while
empowering her to develop healthy medical and dietary plans, minimizing the
Fig. 5 (Whitehead, 2001)
 Determinant Factors demographic trends (Bornman, 2007).

• . These health risks are; physical health risk and mental health risk.
Determinant health factors are vital in managing Carolyn’s wellness and well-being.
These factors mostly influence health status of obese patients (Logue et al., 2010). • Physical health risks; entails risks affecting patients. These risks affects
These factors are: patients development and growth. These risks derails management of patients

• disease and well-being. These risks involves diseases such as lipid disorders and
Environment and Physical: These factors are vital in determining safety of
high blood pressure.
patients. These factors includes; pollution, toxity and epidemiology. Harmful
factors can affect Carolyn's well-being hence requisite needs for considerations • Mental Health Risks; Entails cognitive factors affecting patients and society.
in improving her health status (Eckel, 2008). These risks are; anxiety disorders, dementia and mood disorders. These risks

• affect the patient well being hence being detrimental in a patient (Bornman,
Social factors: These factors mainly influence health conditions and social well
2007).
being of clients. These factors involves; income status, education and
employment. The social factors are important for Carolyn in managing and Evaluation
planning her health challenges thus improving her well-being.
• Obese patients requires critical evaluation and treatment management. Due to
• Economic : These factors include income, transportation and housing. Economic various factors all the factors stated in these study are vital in managing obese
health factors are vital for Carolyn in developing strategies for managing her patients well-being.
health risk. She requires adequate income for managing her condition while
Summary
requiring proper housing for her wellness (Bornman, 2007).
• Effective management and behavioral procedures are effective for obese patient
• Political: These factors such as leadership, government policies and tax policies.
Integrating various procedures and dietary actions are critical aspects of
Carolyn needs effective political factors for managing her wellness and well
managing obesity. Generally, its vital to adhere to all protocols and guidelines f
being. These factors regulate various health programs in determining patient
Barnes, B.R., 2007. The politics of behavioural change for environmental health promotion in developing countries. Journal of health
psychology, 12(3), pp.531-538.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brendon-Barnes/publication/6388637_The_Politics_of_Behavioural_Change_for_Environmental_Health_Pro
motion_in_Developing_Countries/links/0f3175319960eab35d000000/The-Politics-of-Behavioural-Change-for-Environmental-Health-Promotion-i
n-Developing-Countries.pdf
Baum, F. and Fisher, M., 2014. Why behavioural health promotion endures despite its failure to reduce health inequities. Sociology of health &
illness, 36(2), pp.213-225.
http://doctorsebook.com/From%20Health%20Behaviours%20to%20Health%20Practices%20Critical%20Perspectives.pdf#page=67
Bornman, M., 2007. Digital media as communication tools for health promotion in managed health care (Doctoral dissertation, University of
Pretoria).
Bunton, R., Baldwin, S., Flynn, D. and Whitelaw, S., 2000. The ‘stages of change’model in health promotion: science and ideology. Critical Public
Health, 10(1), pp.55-70.
De Vries, H., 1998. Planning and evaluating health promotion. Evaluating health promotion.
Eckel, R.H., 2008. Nonsurgical management of obesity in adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(18), pp.1941-1950.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:6i8BIYxCWpsJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&scillfp=1371861242837223
6635&oi=lle
Els, D.A. and De la Rey, R.P., 2006. Developing a holistic wellness model. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(2), pp.46-56.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.827.8432&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Friedman, H.S. and Kern, M.L., 2014. Personality, well-being, and health. Annual review of psychology, 65(1), pp.719-742.
https://escholarship.org/content/qt8j36s5f2/qt8j36s5f2.pdf
Kopelman, P.G., Caterson, I.D. and Dietz, W.H. eds., 2009. Clinical obesity in adults and children. John Wiley & Sons.
Seganfredo, F.B., Blume, C.A., Moehlecke, M., Giongo, A., Casagrande, D.S., Spolidoro, J.V.N., Padoin, A.V., Schaan, B.D. and Mottin, C.C.,
2017. Weight‐loss interventions and gut microbiota changes in overweight and obese patients: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 18(8),
pp.832-851.