Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
⚫ Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of
Filoviridae
Filovirus Marburg and Ebola Africa Fruit bat 2-216
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus Yellow fever Tropical Mosquito 3-6
Africa, South
America
Dengue HF Asia, Americas, Mosquito 5-7
Pathogenesis
⚫ The primary defect in patients with viral
hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is that of increased
vascular permeability.
⚫ Hemorrhagic fever viruses have an affinity for the
vascular system, leading initially to signs such as
flushing, conjunctival injection, and petechial
hemorrhages, usually associated with fever and
myalgias.
⚫ Later, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage may
occur, with accompanying hypotension, shock, and
circulatory collapse.
⚫ The relative severity of the clinical presentation
may vary depending on the virus in question,
amount, and route of exposure.
VHF
⚫ Hemorrhagic complications are multifactorial and
are related to hepatic damage, consumptive
coagulopathy and primary marrow injury to
megakaryocytes.
⚫ Multisystem organ failure affecting the
hematopoietic, neurologic, and pulmonary
systems often accompanies the vascular
involvement.
⚫ Case-fatality rates of patients with VHF vary from
less than 10% to 90%.
⚫ Complications from VHF infection include
retinitis, orchitis, hepatitis, transverse myelitis,
and uveitis
YELLOW FEVER
⚫ Yellow fever is the prototype of the Flavivirus genus of
the family Flaviviridae.
⚫ More serious illness develops in 15% of cases and presents with the abrupt
onset of general malaise, fever, chills, headache, lower back pain, nausea, and
dizziness.
infections,
⚫ CT intracranial hemorrhage .
⚫ Electrolyte abnormalities
WORK UP
⚫ Rapid detection methods
⚫ Detection of yellow fever antigen using monoclonal
enzyme immunoassay in serum specimens
⚫ Detection of viral genome sequences in tissue or in
blood or other body fluid using PCR assay
⚫ Serologic testing methods
⚫ ELISA. Confirmation is difficult because of cross-
reactivity with other viruses, particularly in Africa,
where multiple flaviviruses exist]
⚫ Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody-capture enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is used to
detect the specific IgM for yellow fever; a single positive
serum titer is diagnostic.
MANAGEMENT
⚫ No specific treatment exists for yellow fever;
however, supportive care is critical
vasoactive medications,
fluid resuscitation,
ventilator management, and
treatment of DIC, hemorrhage, secondary
infections, and renal and hepatic dysfunction.
Patient should be isolated with mosquito netting
in areas with potential vector mosquitoes.
COMPLICATIONS
⚫ Liver failure
⚫ Renal failure
⚫ Pulmonary edema
⚫ Myocarditis
⚫ Secondary bacterial infections
⚫ Hemorrhage or disseminated intravascular
coagulation
⚫ Encephalitis (rare)
⚫ Shock or death
⚫ Secondary bacterial infections are frequent
complications in patients who survive the critical
period of illness.
PROGNOSIS
⚫ Yellow fever ranges in severity from a self-limited
infection to life-threatening hemorrhagic fever.
⚫ About 15-25% of affected individuals develop a more
severe phase of disease that involves fever, jaundice, and
liver and renal failure.
⚫ Case-fatality rates in South America are reportedly
higher than in West Africa.
⚫ Mortality is a function of patient susceptibility and of
the virulence of the infecting strain.
⚫ The mortality risk in patients who present in the toxic
stage of yellow fever is up to 50%.
⚫ Infancy and age older than 50 years is associated
with increased severity of illness and lethality.
VACCINATIO
NPrevention remains the cornerstone to minimizing the
⚫ risk
of yellow fever.
⚫ Single dose of the live attenuated virus (17D) vaccine
⚫ Disorders of coagulation
⚫ Immunological impairment
needful.
PRESENTATION