HEAT TRANSFER

GRADE 9
PHYSICS
WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?

Heat transfer refers to the

This can be done in one of
movement of heat from an
three ways 1. Conduction 2.
area of higher temperature to
Convection 3. Radiation
an area of lower temperature.
CONDUCTION

 Conduction is the process

by which heat energy is
transmitted through
collisions between
neighboring atoms or
molecules.
 Conduction occurs more
readily in solids and liquids,
where the particles are
closer together than in
gases, where particles are
further apart.
CONDUCTION

 It is clear that solids are better

conductors of heat than liquids
and gases. However, not all
solids are good conductors, these
are called insulators. Instead of
transferring heat from place to
place, insulators trap heat.
Examples of insulators include
wood, rubber, glass, water and
air.
 Metals are the best conductors of
heat.
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

• Conductors are used where heat is needed to be transferred. Examples of

these include:
• 1.Mercury is a common material in thermometer to check
the temperature of the body.
• 2.Aluminium finds its use in making foils to store food. It is also used in
the production of fry pans to store heat quickly.
• 3.Iron is a common material used in vehicle engine manufacturing to
conduct heat. The plate of iron is made up of steel to absorb heat
quickly.
• 4.Conductors are used in car radiators to take heat away from the engine.
Radiators are made of metal.
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

 Insulators are used to trap heat within a space. Examples of uses of insulators include:
 1. In cold countries buildings have air spaces between the walls to prevent heat losses.
 2. Pot handles are made with rubber or plastic material to prevent the transfer of heat to the users hands.\
 3.Clothes are made with insulating material to keep us warm.
CONVECTION
 Convection refers to the
transfer of heat in
fluids( liquids and gases).
 During convection, liquid or
gas that is heated becomes less
dense ( lighter) and rises; after
this the liquid becomes cooler ,
more dense and sinks. This
cycle continues until all of the
liquid is heated. This ‘cycle’ is
known as a CONVECTION
CURRENT.
CONVECTION CURRENTS IN AIR AND WATER
  When talking about convection it is important to fully understand
density. Density refers to the mass per unit volume of a substance . It is
found by dividing the mass by the volume.
CONVECTION  When a liquid is heated the particles move faster and take up more
volume. The liquid becomes lighter and rises the reverse is true for cold
liquid.
RADIATION

 The transfer of energy via thermal radiation, i.e. electromagnetic

waves, is known as radiation heat transfer. It can happen in a
vacuum or transparent substance (solid, liquid or gas).
 Unlike convection these waves travel roughly in a straight line and
do not depend on particles for movement. It is because of these
properties that allows the Earth to be heated by the Sun.
RADIATION

 Different surfaces absorb,(take in) reflect and emit (release) varying amounts of heat radiation.
 Black surfaces are better absorbers and emitters of radiation than white surfaces.
 A dull surface is a better absorber of radiation than a shiny one.
 Rough surfaces are better absorbers of radiation than a smooth surface.
ACTIVITY
HOMEWORK ( PRACTICE QUESTIONS GRADED!!)

 1. Write the following numbers in standard form

i. 0.0293 ii. 0.94 iii.10.42 iv. 5321

ii. 2. What is density?
iii. 3. If the density of water is 1000 kg/m³ will a substance that has four times the density float or sink in water.
iv. 4. Convert 0.04 km to meters
v. 5.If the mass and volume of a cement block is 15000 kg and 550 m³ calculate its density.
vi. 6.Using words explain the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces.
vii. 7. Draw and label a mercury laboratory thermometer, on your drawing label the freezing and boiling points of
water.