Functions

Prior Knowledge Check
1) Make the subject of each of the 3) Sketch each of the following graphs.
following: Label any points where the graph cuts
the x or y axis.
𝟗 −𝟓 𝒙
𝒚=
𝟕
a)
a)
𝟓 𝒑 −𝟖 𝒙
𝒚=
𝟐
b)
𝟓 𝒙−𝟒 b)
𝒚=
𝟖+𝟗 𝒙
c)
c) ,
2) Write each expression in its simplest

form: 𝟐
𝟐𝟓 𝒙 −𝟑𝟎 𝒙 +𝟓
4) . Find the values of , and
𝟏
a) 𝟔 𝒙 −𝟏𝟒
𝟐𝟖, 𝟎, 𝟏𝟖
b) 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟕
− 𝒙 −𝟐
c)
Functions and Graphs
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=|2 𝑥 − 3|+1
You need to be able to draw Sub in
graphs and solve equations when
the modulus function is involved Find 𝑓 (5)=|2 (5)− 3|+ 1
Calculate the part
inside the modulus
𝑓 (5)=|7|+1
The modulus of a function is its Calculate
non-negative numerical value (often 𝑓 (5)=8
referred to as the ‘absolute’ value)
Lets see what happens when the modulus part is negative…
 It is denoted like this:
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=|2 𝑥 − 3|+1
Sub in
Find 𝑓 (− 1)=|2( − 1)− 3|+1
Calculate the part
inside the modulus
𝑓 (− 1)=|− 5|+1
The modulus part will
become positive
A modulus function is in general, a 𝑓 ( −1 )= 5+1
function of the type Calculate
𝑓 ( −1 )=6
2A
𝑦
𝑦 =3
=|3𝑥𝑥−
−22 |
You need to be able to draw
the modulus function is involved
Sketch the graph of 2
 You should build this up in stages, 𝑥

2
starting without the modulus 3
part…
−2
 Once you have the shape of the

graph without the modulus, think
about how it will affect it
Any negative output () will now

become positive
 So any parts of the graph below

the x-axis will be reflected above
it!
2A
𝑦
|2 𝑥 −1
=2
𝑦= −1 |
You need to be able to draw 𝑦 =5
𝑦 =2 𝑥 −1
𝑦 =−(2 𝑥 −1)
Solve the equation 1
𝑥
 Start by sketching the graph of 1
the modulus, as in the previous 2
example. Start without the −1
modulus part…
 We now need to find where the

graph crosses
2 𝑥 −1=5 −(2 𝑥 −1)=5 Multiply
Add 1 by -1
2 𝑥=6 Divide
2 𝑥 −1=−5
 Each part of the graph could be Add 1
𝑥=3 by 2 2 𝑥=− 4
labelled differently… Divide
𝑥=−2 by 2
2A
𝑦
1
𝑦 =−(3 𝑥 − 5) =|3𝑥𝑥−
𝑦 =3 −55 |
𝑦 =2 − 𝑥
You need to be able to draw 2
𝑦 =3 𝑥 − 5
Solve the equation 5
2
𝑥
 Sketch both graphs, then 5 4
consider the intersections and 3
what equations they would −5
represent
1 1
2− 𝑥=−(3 𝑥 −5) 2− 𝑥=3 𝑥 − 5Add , Add
2 Expand 2
1 bracket 5
2 − 𝑥=− 3 𝑥 +5 7
2 Add 3x, 7= 𝑥
2
5 subtract 2 Divide by
𝑥=3 2=𝑥
2 Divide by
6
𝑥=
5
2A
Functions and Graphs 𝑦 =3 𝑥
𝑦
𝑦 =−(5 𝑥 −1) 𝑦𝑦=|5 𝑥𝑥−−1
=5 1|
You need to be able to draw
Solve the inequality 1

𝑦 =5 𝑥 −1
𝑥
 Start by finding where they 1
cross 5
−1
−(5 𝑥 −1)=3 𝑥 Expand 5 𝑥 −1=3 𝑥 Subtract
bracket 5x
−5 𝑥 +1=3 𝑥 −1=−2 𝑥
Add 5x Divide
1 by -2
1=8 𝑥 Divide 2
=𝑥
1 by 8
=𝑥
8
Consider the values of x for which is above
and
2A
Add 3 onto the set {-3, 1, 4, 6, x)
Mapping Diagrams Set A Set B
-3 0
A mapping diagram transforms one 1 4
set of numbers into a different set 4 7

of numbers. It can be described in 6 9
words or using algebra. They can also x x+3
be represented by a Cartesian graph.
y y=x+3
The original numbers (Set A, or ‘x’) 8

are known as the domain.
6
The results (Set B, or ‘y’) are known

as the range (ie range of answers) 2
x
-2 2 4 6
2B
Square the set {-1, 1, -2, 2, x)
Mapping Diagrams Set A Set B
-1
1
A mapping diagram transforms one 1
set of numbers into a different set -2

4
of numbers. It can be described in 2
words or using algebra. They can also x x2
be represented by a Cartesian graph.
y y = x2
The original numbers (Set A, or ‘x’) 8

are known as the domain.
6
The results (Set B, or ‘y’) are known

as the range (ie range of answers) 2
x
-2 2 4 6
2B
One-to-one Function
Functions Set A Set B
A function is a mapping eg) f(x) = x + 5
whereby every element in
the domain is mapped to eg) f(x) = 3x - 2
only 1 element in the range.
Many-to-one Function
ie) Whatever number you
start with, there is only 1 Set A Set B
possible answer to the

operation performed on it. eg) f(x) = x2 + 1
eg) f(x) = 6 - 3x2
An example of a mapping
which is not a function Not a function
would be square rooting, Set A Set B

where the starting number
may result in no answer, or eg) f(x) = √x
2 answers.
eg) f(x) = 1/
x
2B
One-to-one Function
Functions
‘A value in the domain (x) gets
A function is a mapping mapped to one value in the
whereby every element in
the domain is mapped to range’
only 1 element in the range.
Many-to-one Function
ie) Whatever number you
start with, there is only 1 ‘Multiple values in the domain (x)
possible answer to the get mapped to the same value in
operation performed on it. the range’
An example of a mapping
which is not a function Not a function
would be square rooting, ‘A value in the range can be
where the starting number mapped to none, one or more

may result in no answer, or values in the range’
2 answers.
2B
g(x) = 2x2 + 3
Example Question
Given that the function g(x) a) g(3) = 2(3)2 + 3
= 2x2 + 3, find;
= 2(9) + 3
= 21
a) the value of g(3)
b) g(a) = 35
b) the value(s) of a such

that g(a) = 35 2a2 + 3 = 35
2a2 = 32
a2 = 16
a =±4
2B
Functions and Graphs y = 2x2 + 3
g(x)
You can get any
Example Question value bigger than,
Given that the function g(x)

8
or including 3…
= 2x2 + 3, find; 6
a) the value of g(3)

2
x
b) the value(s) of a such -2 -1 1 2
that g(a) = 35
To work out the range of the function;
c) the range of the function - Sketch it first
- the range is the set of answers you get (ie the
‘y’ values – now labelled as g(x)…)
 g(x) ≥ 3 - Use an Inequality if there is a continuous set of values
2B
An important bit of notation
to remember…
g(x)
x can be any ‘real number’
 This is for the domain
g(x) can be any ‘real number’
 This is for the range
Real Number: A number which has a place on a normal number line. Includes
positives, negatives, roots, pi etc…
 Does not include imaginary numbers – eg √-1
2B
Real Number: A number which has a
place on a normal number line. Includes
positives, negatives, roots, pi etc…
Domain changes
A mapping which is not a function, can

be made into one by
changing/restricting the domain (the
starting values)
x
eg) y = +√x
x  R, x  0
This will not be a function as some values in the domain (x) will not
give an answer in the range (y). For example, -2 f ( x)   x
x is greater
The function x is real
If we restrict the domain to than 0
numbers
x ≥ 0, then all values in the domain will
map to one value in the range.
 It now therefore meets the criteria

for being a function!
2B
Find the range of the following
function, and state if it is one-to-
one or many-to-one.
f(x) = 3x – 2, domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4}
No inequality used as there are
only certain values (discrete)
f(x) = 3x – 2, {x = 1, 2, 3, 4}
Domain Range
1 1
Range of f(x): {1, 4, 7, 10}
2 4
3 7 Description: One to One
4 10
2B
g(x) = x2
g(x)

function, and state if it is one-to- 20
one or many-to-one.
15
Range
g(x) = x2, domain {x є R, -5 ≤ x ≤ 5} 10
g(x) = x2, {-5 ≤ x ≤ 5} x

-4 -2 2 4
Inequality, so you will have to sketch the graph
Range of g(x): 0 ≤ g(x) ≤ 25 Inequality used as the data is
continuous
Description: Many to one
2B
h(x)

function, and state if it is one-to- 8
one or many-to-one.
6
Range
h(x) = 1/x, domain {x є R, 0 < x ≤ 3}
4
2
h(x) = 1/
x
h(x) = /x, {x є R, 0 < x ≤ 3}
1 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
Inequality, so you will have to sketch the graph
Range of h(x): h(x) ≥ 1/ In this domain, the smallest value is 1/

3 3
Description: One to One

As we get close to 0, values will get infinitely
high
2B
f(x) = x2 + 3
f(x) = 5 – 2x f(x)
You will need to be able to plot

more than one function on the 8
same set of axes, possibly for
different domains. 6
The function f(x) is defined by:

2
{
5 – 2x x<1
f(x) =
x
x2 + 3 x≥1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
a) Sketch f(x) stating its range  Sketch both graphs on the same axes
f(x) > 3  Make sure you use the correct domain for each
b) Find the values of a such that

f(a) = 19 The lowest value plotted is 3.
 Careful though as for 5 – 2x, x cannot include 1. Therefore f(x) > 3 (not
including 3)
2B
f(x) = x2 + 3
f(x) = 5 – 2x f(x)
You will need to be able to plot more

than one function on the same set 8
of axes, possibly for different
domains. 6
4
The function f(x) is defined by:
{
2
5 – 2x x<1
f(x) =
x2 + 3 x≥1 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
a) Sketch f(x) stating its range

Linear Equation Quadratic
f(x) > 3 Equation
b) Find the values of a such that 5 – 2x = 19 x2 + 3 = 19

f(a) = 19
– 2x = 14 x2 = 16
 Solve both equations separately! (Has to be greater
x = -7 x = ±4 than 1)
 Remember that the answers must
be within the domain given, or they x=4
cannot be included 2B
You need to be able to solve problems
involving composite functions, where
two or more functions have been
combined
If you see something such as , it means

that you should apply function first,
followed by function .
When combining functions, the order

matters, so ensure you combine them
correctly!
2C
You need to be able to solve It helps to write what you would
f(x) = x2 g(x) = x + 1
problems involving composite do to x for each function
functions, where two or more ‘Square x’ ‘Add 1 to x’

functions have been combined
Given:
a) fg(x) means g acts first, followed by f.
f(x) = x2
fg(x)
g(x) = x + 1 Replace g(x) with the function
f(x + 1)
f(x) means ‘square x’, so square
Find: g(x)
(x + 1)2
a) fg(x) Multiply out and simplify
fg(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
b) gf(x)
2C
f(x) = x2 g(x) = x + 1
functions, where two or more ‘Square x’ ‘Add 1 to x’

Given:
b) gf(x) means f acts first, followed by g.
f(x) = x2
gf(x)
g(x) = x + 1 Replace f(x) with the function
g(x2) g(x) means ‘add one to x’, so add 1
Find: to f(x)
(x2) + 1
a) fg(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 Simplify
gf(x) = x2 + 1
b) gf(x)
2C
f(x) = 3x + 2 g(x) = x2 + 4
functions, where two or more ‘Multiply by 3, then add ‘Square x then add 4’
functions have been combined 2’
Given:
a) fg(x) means g acts first, followed by f.
f(x) = 3x + 2
fg(x)
g(x) = x2 + 4 Replace g(x) with the function
f(x2 + 4)
Find: f(x) means ‘multiply by 3, then
add 2’
3(x2 + 4) + 2
a) fg(x) Multiply out and simplify
b) gf(x) fg(x) = 3x2 + 12 + 2
c) f2(x)
fg(x) = 3x2 + 14
d) The values of b so that fg(b) =
62 2C
f(x) = 3x + 2 g(x) = x2 + 4
Given:
b) gf(x) means f acts first, followed by g.
f(x) = 3x + 2
gf(x)
g(x) = x2 + 4 Replace f(x) with the function
g(3x + 2)
Find: g(x) means ‘square then add 4’
(3x + 2)2 + 4
a) fg(x) = 3x + 14
2
Multiply out and simplify
b) gf(x) gf(x) = 9x2 + 12x + 4 + 4
c) f2(x)
gf(x) = 9x2 + 12x + 8
62 2C
f(x) = 3x + 2 g(x) = x2 + 4
Given:
c) f2(x) means f acts again on itself
f(x) = 3x + 2
f2(x)
g(x) = x2 + 4 Replace f(x) with the function
f(3x + 2)
Find: f(x) means ‘multiply by 3, then
add 2’
3(3x + 2) + 2
a) fg(x) = 3x + 14
2
Multiply out and simplify
b) gf(x) = 9x2 + 12x + 8 f2(x) = 9x + 6 + 2
c) f2(x)
f2(x) = 9x + 8
62 2C
f(x) = 3x + 2 g(x) = x2 + 4
Given:
d) fg(b) = 62, find b
f(x) = 3x + 2
fg(b) = 62
g(x) = x2 + 4 Replace fg(b) with the function
fg(x)
3x2 + 14 = 62
Find: Work through and solve the
equation
3x2 = 48
a) fg(x) = 3x + 14
2
b) gf(x) = 9x2 + 12x + 8 x2 = 16

Remember 2 possible values
c) f (x) = 9x + 8
2
x=±4
62 2C
𝑥 +1
You need to be able to solve 𝑔: 𝑥→
problems involving composite 2
Sub in
functions, where two or more 3+1
functions have been combined 𝑔 : 3→
2
Calculate
The functions and are defined by: 𝑔 : 3→ 2

Now we substitute this value into
𝑓 : 𝑥 →|2 𝑥 −8|
Sub in
𝑓 : 2 →|2 ( 2 ) − 8|
Calculate
a) Find 𝑓 : 2 →|− 4|
Use the modulus
b) Solve
𝑓 :2 → 4
2C
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =|2 𝑥 −8|
You need to be able to solve We replace with (since that is )
problems involving composite

functions, where two or more
𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 1
2
=2 ) |(
𝑥+ 1
2
−8 ) | Simplify right side
The functions and are defined by: 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 1

2 )
=|𝑥 −7|
So the equation we need to solve is:
|𝑥 − 7|= 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 =𝑥
−( 𝑥 − 7)=𝑥 Expand bracket
𝑦 =−( 𝑥 −7 )
a) Find 7 𝑦 =|𝑥 −7| − 𝑥 +7=𝑥
Add
b) Solve 𝑥 7=2 𝑥 Divide by 2

7
3.5=𝑥
2C
Functions and Graphs 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑥
An inverse operation performs the

opposite operations to the original
function. You need to be able to
calculate the inverse of a function
𝑓 −1 ( 𝑥)
𝑥
Functions and are inverses of each
other.
 If you plot a function and its inverse, they

The above are true since if you are a reflection in the line
substitute a value into a function,
and then the answer into the  This means that the domain and range of the
inverse function, the operation will original function, become the range and
cancel out and you are back where domain of the inverse (they swap around)
you started!
2D
function. You need to be able to 𝑦 =𝑥
2
calculate the inverse of a function 𝑦 𝑦 =𝑥
Inverse functions only exist for

one-to-one functions 𝑦 =√ 𝑥
 If you have a many-to-one 𝑥

function, such as , then the inverse
will be one-to-many
 Remember that by definition

from section 2B, this is not a
function
2D
3
An inverse operation performs the 𝑦=
𝑥 −1
opposite operations to the original Multiply by

calculate the inverse of a function 𝑦 ( 𝑥 −1)=3
Expand bracket
Find the inverse of the function: 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 =3

Add
𝑥𝑦= 3+ 𝑦
Divide by
3+ 𝑦
𝑥=
𝑦
To find the inverse of a function, Rewrite using and the inverse function
you can write is as ‘‘, and then 3+ 𝑥

notation
rearrange to means
make that
the ‘subject…
−1
This notation is a 𝑓 ( 𝑥)=
𝑥
member of the set of real numbers,
but not equal to 1’
 Without this ‘clause’, this would

not be a function since putting in
would not yield an output…
2D
An inverse operation performs the Substituting in (the smallest ‘allowed’
opposite operations to the original value) will give an answer 0
As we increase the value of , the answer
will increase above 0
The function:
There is no limit to how high a value we
can substitute, so the range will increase
indefinitely…
a) State the range of Therefore, the range is anything greater

b) Find the function and state its than and including 0
domain and range
c) Sketch and and the line 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∈ ℝ , 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ≥ 0
You need to state your answer like

the above, using the correct notation
2D
An inverse operation performs the 𝑦 =√ 𝑥 − 2
function. You need to be able to Square both sides
calculate the inverse of a function 2

𝑦 =𝑥 − 2
Add 2
The function: 2
𝑦 + 2= 𝑥
Rewrite using the inverse function notation
−1
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 +2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∈ ℝ , 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ≥ 0
a) State the range of Original function Inverse function
b) Find the function and state its
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =√ 𝑥 −2
−1
domain and range 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥2 +2
c) Sketch and and the line Domain: Domain:
Consider the domain and range for the

Range: Range:
original function, and swap them
around for the inverse…
2D
𝑦 = 𝑓 − 1( 𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦 =𝑥
The function:
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∈ ℝ , 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ≥ 0 𝑥
a) State the range of 2
b) Find the function and state its
domain and range
c) Sketch and and the line
Remember to take the domain into account when plotting

the graphs
 You could also use the line to help create the correct
shape…
2D
An inverse operation performs the 2
𝑦 =𝑥 − 3
opposite operations to the original Add 3

2
𝑦 + 3= 𝑥
Square root
The function is defined by: √ 𝑦 + 3=𝑥

Rewrite using and the inverse function
notation
( 𝑥)=√ 𝑥+ 3
−1
𝑓
a) Find
b) Sketch and state its domain
c) Solve the equation
2D
An inverse operation performs the We need to know the domain to be able to draw the sketch
opposite operations to the original  We can find the domain by finding the range of the original function
2
The function is defined by: 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 − 3
Sub in 0
𝑓 ( 0 ) =−3
Larger values of will increase the value of
 The range is therefore

a) Find
 So the domain of the inverse will be
𝑓 −1 ( 𝑥)=√ 𝑥+ 3
2D
𝑓
−1
( 𝑥 ) = √ 𝑥 +3 , 𝑥 ≥ − 3
opposite operations to the original 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓 − 1( 𝑥 )
The function is defined by:
𝑥
-3
a) Find
𝑓 −1 ( 𝑥)=√ 𝑥+ 3
2D
𝑓
−1
( 𝑥 ) = √ 𝑥 +3 , 𝑥 ≥ − 3
opposite operations to the original 𝑦
function. You need to be able to 𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓 − 1( 𝑥 )
𝑥
-3
-3
a) Find
b) Sketch and state its domain 𝑦 =𝑥
The equations will meet at one point
 To find this point, you could set the equations equal to

𝑓 −1 ( 𝑥)=√ 𝑥+ 3 each other…
 However, since they meet on the line , it is usually

easier to set one of them equal to that instead!
2D
2
𝑥 −3= 𝑥
opposite operations to the original Subtract
function. You need to be able to 2

𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3=0
𝑎=1 𝑏=−1 𝑐=− 3
−𝑏 ± √ 𝑏2 − 4 𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎 Sub in values
−( −1)± √ ( −1)2 − 4 (1)(−3)

a) Find 𝑥= Calculate (in this case the
2(1) answer must be positive,
b) Sketch and state its domain based on the graph we
1+ √ 13
c) Solve the equation 𝑥= sketched)
𝑓 −1 ( 𝑥)=√ 𝑥+ 3
2D
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 10
You need to be able to sketch
graphs of the form and , and Sketch and
understand the processes
involved 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥)= 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 10
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=( 𝑥 −5)( 𝑥+ 2)
Sketching the graph of Crosses the x-axis at 5 and -2
The y-intercept is at -10
1) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑦 | 𝑓 ((𝑥)

𝑥) |
2) Reflect any parts where in

the x-axis 10
3) Remove the parts below the
x-axis 𝑥 𝑥
-2 5 -2 5
The modulus above is of the whole function
-10 -10
 This means that any final answers (‘y’)
that we get which are negative, they will
become positive at the end
2E
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 10
You need to be able to sketch
graphs of the form and , and Sketch and
involved 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥)= 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 10
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=( 𝑥 −5)( 𝑥+ 2)
Sketching the graph of Crosses the x-axis at 5 and -2
The y-intercept is at -10
1) Sketch the graph of for 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑦 (|𝑥|)

𝑓𝑓 (𝑥)
2) Reflect this in the y-axis
The modulus above is of the inputs (x)

𝑥 𝑥
-2 5 -5 5
 This means that when we put in a
negative number, we get the same output
as for the equivalent positive number -10 -10
2E
𝑦
𝑦 =𝑔 ( 𝑥)
You need to be able to sketch 1
graphs of the form and , and
understand the processes 𝑥
-360 -180 180 360
involved
-1
Given that: 𝑦
|𝑔(( 𝑥)
=𝑔
𝑦= 𝑥) |
1
𝑥
-360 -180 180 360
-1
a) Sketch
b) Sketch 𝑦
c) Sketch 1
𝑦 =𝑔 (|𝑥|)
𝑥
-360 -180 180 360
-1
2E
𝑦
(− 2.5 ,15)
You need to be able to sketch 𝐵
graphs of the form and , and 𝐶
11
involved
𝐴
𝐷 𝑥
−7 3 𝑦 =h ( 𝑥)
The diagram shows the graph of , 𝐸
with five points labelled. (6 ,− 5)
𝑦
Sketch each of the following (− 2.5 ,15)
graphs, labelling points 𝐵
𝐶
corresponding to , , , and , as 11 𝐸(6
′ ,5)
well as any intersections with the 𝑦 =|h( 𝑥) |
axes. 𝐴
𝐷 𝑥
−7 3 𝑦 =h ( 𝑥)
𝐸
a)
(6 ,− 5)
b)
2E
𝑦
(− 2.5 ,15)
You need to be able to sketch 𝐵
graphs of the form and , and 𝐶
11
involved
𝐴
𝐷 𝑥
−7 3 𝑦 =h ( 𝑥)
The diagram shows the graph of , 𝐸
with five points labelled. (6 ,− 5)
𝑦
Sketch each of the following
graphs, labelling points
corresponding to , , , and , as
𝐶
11
well as any intersections with the
axes.
𝐷−
′ 3 𝐷 𝑥
3 =h(|(𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦=h |)
a)
𝐸′ 𝐸
(− 6 , −5) (6 ,− 5)
b)
2E
The diagram shows the sketch of . Sketch
You need to be able to sketch graphs the graph of
which have been transformed in
several different ways
𝐵 (6
′ ,7)
A reminder of the various transformations 𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑦

you saw last year…
(6 , 4)
𝐵
is a translation by vector
is a translation by vector
reflects in the
reflects in the 𝑥
𝐴
is a vertical stretch of factor (2 , −1)
is a horizontal stretch of factor
(2 , −3)
2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 1  Vertical stretch factor 2, then 𝐴′
vertical translation 1 unit down 𝑦 =2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) −1
 The y-coordinates double, then decrease by 1

2F
several different ways 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥+2 )+ 2
A reminder of the various transformations 𝑦

𝐵′
(4 , 6)
𝐵
is a translation by vector (6 , 4)
is a translation by vector 𝐴′
reflects in the (0 ,1)
reflects in the 𝑥
𝐴
is a vertical stretch of factor (2 , −1)
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
is a horizontal stretch of factor
𝑓 ( 𝑥 +2 )+ 2 Horizontal translation 2 units to the You should apply the

left, then vertical translation 2 units up bracketed parts first!
 The x-coordinates decrease by 2, and the y-coordinates increase by 2
2F

𝐵
1
𝑓 (2 𝑥 ) 1
𝑓 (2 𝑥 )
(6 , 4)
4 𝑦=
4
𝐵 ′(3 ,1)
 Horizontal stretch by a factor , followed
by a vertical stretch by factor ( 1,−
1
4 )
𝐴′ 𝐴 𝑥
 The x-coordinates get divided (2 , −1)

by 2, and the y-coordinates get 𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
divided by 4
2F

𝐵
− 𝑓 ( 𝑥 −1 ) (6 , 4)
𝐴( 3′ , 1 )
 Horizontal translation 1 unit to the right,
followed by a reflection in the x-axis
𝑥
𝐴
 The x-coordinates get increased
by 1, and then the y-coordinates (2 , −1)
𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥)
get multiplied by -1
𝐵(7′ ,− 4)
𝑦 =− 𝑓 ( 𝑥 −1 )
2F
𝑦 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛𝑥
You need to be able to sketch graphs
several different ways Asymptote
𝑥 at
1
Given that:
The graph will be stretched vertically by a factor of 2, and

then translated down 3 units
 A good way of sketching is to do each translation one step
at a time (although it is fine to calculate the coordinates at the
Sketch the graphs of: end)
𝑦 𝑦 =2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 =2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 −3
a)
b)
𝑥 𝑥
Show on each diagram, the point where

the graph meets or crosses the x-axis,
and state the equations of any Asymptote Asymptote
asymptotes at at
2F
𝑦
You need to be able to sketch graphs 𝑦 =2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 −3
4.48 𝑥
Given that:
Asymptote
at
To find the x-intercept, set

Sketch the graphs of: 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 −3=0
Add 3
a)
2 𝑙𝑛𝑥=3
Divide by 2
b)
𝑙𝑛𝑥 =1.5
Inverse logarithm
Show on each diagram, the point where 𝑥 =𝑒

1.5
Calculate, or use the exact value
and state the equations of any 𝑥= 4.48
asymptotes
2F
𝑦 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛𝑥
You need to be able to sketch graphs
several different ways Asymptote
𝑥 at
1
Given that:
For the second transformation:

 Reflect the graph in the y-axis
 Then any values below the x-axis will be reflected above it
Sketch the graphs of: 𝑦 =ln ⁡(− 𝑥 ) 𝑦 𝑦 =|ln ⁡( − 𝑥) | 𝑦
a)
b) 𝑥 𝑥
-1 -1
Show on each diagram, the point where

and state the equations of any Asymptote Asymptote
asymptotes at at
2F
𝑦 𝑦 =|𝑥| 𝑦 𝑦 =|𝑥 −1|
You need to be able to solve
problems involving moduli as well as
graph transformations
1
𝑥 𝑥
1
Given the function:
Translation
a) Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1| 𝑦 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2

b) State the range of the function
3
c) Solve the equation 1
𝑥 𝑥
1
Build up the
(1,-2)
sketch in stages…
Vertical stretch factor 3 Translation
2G
𝑦 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2

Range
1
𝑥
Given the function:
(1,-2)
So the range is any real values greater than or equal to -2

a) Sketch the graph of the function
 Use the correct notation when writing this!
b) State the range of the function
2G
𝑦 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2

1
𝑦= 𝑥+ 3
2 1
𝑥
Given the function:
(1,-2)
Finding the first solution (on the non-reflected part

a) Sketch the graph of the function of the graph)
b) State the range of the function 1
𝑥+ 3= 3 ( 𝑥 −1 ) −2
2
c) Solve the equation Expand bracket and
simplify
1
𝑥+ 3=3 𝑥 −5
2
Add 5, subtract
8=2.5 𝑥
Divide by 2.5
3.2=𝑥
2G
𝑦 𝑦 =3|𝑥 −1|−2

1
𝑦= 𝑥+ 3
2 1
𝑥
Given the function:
(1,-2)
Finding the second solution (on the reflected part

a) Sketch the graph of the function of the graph)
b) State the range of the function 1
𝑥+ 3= −3 ( 𝑥 −1 ) −2
2
c) Solve the equation Expand bracket and
simplify
𝑥=3.2 1
𝑥+ 3= −3 𝑥+ 1
2
Subtract 1, subtract
2=−3.5 𝑥
Divide by 2.5
4
− =𝑥
7
2G
𝑦

problems involving moduli as well as 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =6 −2|𝑥 +3|
6
The function is defined by: Range 𝑥

6 0
A sketch of the graph is shown.

Since the modulus part is positive, we are always going to
be taking away a value which is greater than or equal to 0
a) State the range of  Therefore the largest value for is 6
b) Explain why does not exist
 So the range is ,
c) Solve the inequality
2G
𝑦

6
The function is defined by: 𝑥

6 0

This function is many-to-one, as different inputs can give
the same output
a) State the range of The inverse would be one-to-many, which is not a function
2G
𝑦

6
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =5

6 −2.5 0

Solving for the non-reflected part
a) State the range of 6 − 2 ( 𝑥 +3 )=5

Expand bracket
b) Explain why does not exist 6 − 2 𝑥 − 6=5
c) Solve the inequality Simplify
− 2 𝑥=5
Divide by 2
𝑥=− 2.5
2G
𝑦

6
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =5

6 −3.5 −2.5 0

Solving for the reflected part
a) State the range of 6 +2 ( 𝑥 +3 )=5

Expand bracket
b) Explain why does not exist 6 +2 𝑥 +6=5
c) Solve the inequality Rearrange
2 𝑥=− 7
Divide by 2
𝑥=− 3.5
2G
𝑦

6
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =5

6 −3.5 −2.5 0
For
a) State the range of
2G

Functions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Functions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prior Knowledge Check

2) Write each expression in its simplest

Sketch the graph of 2

 You should build this up in stages, 𝑥

 Once you have the shape of the

Any negative output () will now

 So any parts of the graph below

 We now need to find where the

Solve the inequality 1

Mapping Diagrams Set A Set B

A mapping diagram transforms one 1 4

set of numbers into a different set 4 7

The original numbers (Set A, or ‘x’) 8

The results (Set B, or ‘y’) are known

Mapping Diagrams Set A Set B

set of numbers into a different set -2

The original numbers (Set A, or ‘x’) 8

The results (Set B, or ‘y’) are known

only 1 element in the range.

possible answer to the

eg) f(x) = 6 - 3x2

would be square rooting, Set A Set B

only 1 element in the range.

possible answer to the get mapped to the same value in

operation performed on it. the range’

would be square rooting, ‘A value in the range can be

where the starting number mapped to none, one or more

b) the value(s) of a such

Given that the function g(x)

a) the value of g(3)

c) the range of the function - Sketch it first

- the range is the set of answers you get (ie the

‘y’ values – now labelled as g(x)…)

 g(x) ≥ 3 - Use an Inequality if there is a continuous set of values

 This is for the domain

g(x) can be any ‘real number’

 This is for the range

positives, negatives, roots, pi etc…

 Does not include imaginary numbers – eg √-1

place on a normal number line. Includes

positives, negatives, roots, pi etc…

A mapping which is not a function, can

give an answer in the range (y). For example, -2 f ( x)   x

 It now therefore meets the criteria

only certain values (discrete)

3 7 Description: One to One

Find the range of the following

g(x) = x2, {-5 ≤ x ≤ 5} x

Range of g(x): 0 ≤ g(x) ≤ 25 Inequality used as the data is

Find the range of the following

Range of h(x): h(x) ≥ 1/ In this domain, the smallest value is 1/

Description: One to One

You will need to be able to plot

The function f(x) is defined by:

b) Find the values of a such that

You will need to be able to plot more

a) Sketch f(x) stating its range

b) Find the values of a such that 5 – 2x = 19 x2 + 3 = 19

If you see something such as , it means

When combining functions, the order

functions, where two or more ‘Square x’ ‘Add 1 to x’

a) fg(x) Multiply out and simplify

functions, where two or more ‘Square x’ ‘Add 1 to x’