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Aircraft Hydraulic Pneumatic - Lecture Presentation
Aircraft Hydraulic Pneumatic - Lecture Presentation
AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
Hydraulic Preface.
► Preface.
With the free and almost unlimited power available in
flowing water, much early human industry was located
along the rivers. People used water for transportation and
diverted water to flow over large wooden waterwheels and
turned shafts inside factory buildings. Pulleys and belts
drove the lathes and drill presses from these water driven
shafts.
As we modernized, the basic daily routine technology is
implemented into aircraft system to simplify and smoothen
the operation of it.
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULIC
Hydraulic Design.
► Design.
Hydraulic fluid is design to fulfill aircraft needs. Most
aircraft use some form of hydraulic and pneumatic
system, ranging from a simple braking system to a
multiplex engine driven pump system and providing a
means of operation of large aircraft components.
The operation of landing gear, flaps, control-boost
system and other components is widely accomplish by
hydraulic power system. Pneumatic systems are used in
some aircraft design to perform the same type of
operation performed by hydraulic systems. However,
the majority of aircraft that have pneumatic system use
them only as backup system for the operation of
hydraulic components when the hydraulic system failed.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• AREA
• FORCE
• DISTANCE/STROKE
• VOLUME/DISPLACEMENT
• WORK
• POWER
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• AREA
►A measurement of a surface.
►In aircraft hydraulics, the technician is concerned with
the areas of piston heads.
►Knowing this area, the amount of force required to
actuate a mechanism can be determined.
►Area is generally measured in square inch/square feet
in English system and in square centimeters /square
meters in Metric system.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• AREA
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• FORCE
►The amount of push, pull or twist on an object.
►The force in a hydraulic system is derived from the
pressure acting on the area of a piston head.
►In English system, force is measured in pounds (lbs), in
the Metric system, it is measured in grams, kilograms or
Newton (N).
►To measure the force of hydraulic, we must be able to
determine force per unit area and this is called
pressure and is measured in pounds per square inch
(psi) or kilopascals (kPa).
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• DISTANCE/STROKE
►A measurement of distance of a piston.
►The distance/stroke is being expressed in inches or feet
in English system and centimeters or meters in the
Metric system.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• DISTANCE/STROKE
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• VOLUME & DISPLACEMENT.
►Is a measurement of quantity of fluid available or the
amount of fluid moved.
►Volume/displacement is expressed in cubic inches or
cubic feet in English system and cubic centimeter or
cubic meters in Metric system.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• VOLUME & DISPLACEMENT.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• WORK.
►Is the product of a force multiplied by the distance over
which the force acts.
►Work is simply forces times distance and does not
considered time.
►Work is being expressed in such unit as foot-pounds,
inch-pounds or inch-ounces in English system and in
Metric system work is measured in meter-kilograms or
centimeter-grams.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• POWER.
►Power is a measure of the amount of work done in a
given period of time and horsepower is the standard unit
for mechanical power.
►One horsepower is 33,000 foot pound of work in 1
minute or 550 foot-pounds of work done in 1 second.
►One horsepower is also equal to 746 watts of electrical
power.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
RELATIONSHIPS
• Relationship between Force, Pressure & Area .
►In English system, Force is measured in pounds, Area is
in square inches and Pressure is in pounds per square
inch.
►The amount of force a fluid power system can produce
is determined by the amount of pressure used and the
area on which the pressure is acting.
HYDRAULIC REVIEW OF
TERMS
• Relationship between Force, Pressure & Area.
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
A tank or container designed to stored sufficient
hydraulic fluids for all hydraulic system normal
operation, emergency operation or the system is not
in operation. Usually equipped with a ‘standpipe’ that
drawn fluid in normal operation and drawn fluid for
emergency from the bottom of the tank.
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Integral type.
In-line type.
System components
• Integral type reservoir.
Type of reservoir that has no housing.
Usually found in small aircraft that fly at lower
altitudes (below 1500 ft) and usually not a
pressurized type.
Example of an integral type reservoir is the Brake
Master Cylinder.
A reservoir that combined with a pump.
The upper portion of the Brake Master Cylinder
serves as the reservoir and the lower portion serve
as the pump basically to operate the brake.
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir.
1) The most basic rule of hydraulics states that fluid
cannot be pulled, it only can be pushed. At sea
level (14.7psi) of atmosphere provides the force to
push the fluid from the reservoir to the pump.
2) As altitude increase, atmospheric pressure
decreases and with little or no pressure on the
fluid, it tends to foam and causing air bubbles to
form in the low part of the system.
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir (cont).
3) When aircraft operating at high altitude, the pump
will be starved for fluid unless some means of
pressurizing is used. Therefore, to provide a
continuous supply of fluid to the pumps, the
reservoir is pressurized.
4) Methods of pressurizing the reservoir:
► Turbine engine bleed air.
► Venturi type aspirator or venturi tee .
► springs attached to the reservoir piston.
► electric pump
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir (cont).
► Turbine engine bleed air.
i. Can be used to pressurize the reservoir.
ii. It will be fed to the pressure regulator to
establish the proper pressure into the top of
the reservoir.
iii. Usually used to maintain a pressure of
between 40 -45lbs/sq.in
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir (cont).
► Springs attached to the reservoir piston.
i. The spring force on the piston causes the
piston try to move downward, which
pressurized the reservoir.
ii. A system operating 3000lbs/sq.in can
pressurize the fluid in the reservoir
approximately 60 lbs/sq.in.
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir (cont).
► Electric pump.
i. Another method of pressurizing the
reservoir.
ii. Before the engine starts the inlets lines of
engines driven pumps are under positive
pressure, which provides a positive supply of
fluid to the pump and reduces pump wear
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir (cont).
5) Providing sufficient fluid to make up for normal
losses of fluid seepage past seals.
6) Are not designed to be completely filled, they
must allow for an air space above the fluid level to
allow for expansion of fluid being heated during
operation.
7) Means of checking the fluid level and being
replenished, quantity indicating methods may be
in a form of ‘dipstick’ on the filler cap or may
consists of remote indicating system that display
the quantity of fluid in flight deck/cockpit.
System components
• HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR.
Pressurizing the reservoir (cont).
8) A sight gauge or sight glass may be attached
to the reservoir to provide and indication of
accumulation of air in the reservoir.
9) Replenishment of fluid may be accomplished by
adding fluid directly to the reservoir through a
filler opening.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
A mechanical devices or components that
designed to provide or supply hydraulic fluid to
the actuators drawn through the lines. It does
not create the pressure but the pressure is
produced when the flow of hydraulic fluid is
restricted. Operation principle either by manuals
or mechanical power (electric motor or aircraft
engine).
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Hand pumps.
I. Single action hand pump.
II. Double action hand pump.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
II. Variable Displacement pumps.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Hand pumps.
I. Single action hand pump.
► Move fluid only on one stroke of the piston only.
► When the handle is move/stroke to one direction,
the piston inside the pump will make a movement
creates a low pressure condition and draws fluid
from the reservoir through a check valve into the
cylinder.
► When the handle is move/stroke towards the other
way, the piston forces the fluid to drawn out
through the discharge check valve and produce a
movement (at the actuators).
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
1) Vane type.
► Classed as a positive-displacement pump
because of its positive in moving fluid.
► Move a large volume of fluid (about 300 psi) but
does not produce a very high pressure.
► Consists of slotted rotor located off-center within
the cylinder of the pump body with rectangular
vanes that are free to move radially in each slot.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
1) Vane type (cont).
► As the rotor turns, the vanes are caused to move
outward by centrifugal force and contact the smooth
inner surface of the casing.
► Since the rotor is eccentric with respect to the casing,
the vanes from chambers that increase and decrease
in volume as the rotor turns.
► The inlet side of the pump is integral with the side of
the casing in which the chambers are increasing in
volume. Thus the fluid is forced to enter the chambers
because of the low pressure created by the expanding
chambers.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
1) Vane type (cont).
► The fluid is carried around the casing to the point
where the chambers begin to contract and this
section of the casing is connected to the output
port of the pump.
► The contraction of the chambers forces the fluid
into the outlet port and system.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
2) Gear type.
► Classed as a positive-displacement pump
because each revolution of the pump will deliver a
given volume of fluid (provided that the pump is
not worn or no leakage).
► Moves a medium volume of fluid under a pressure
of between 300 psi and 1500 psi.
► Example of a gear type pump in aircraft is spur-
gear type.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
2) Gear type (cont).
► Consists of two gears that are driven by the power
source, which could be an engine driven or an
electric motor drive.
► One gear is meshed with and driven by the other
gear and rotates together.
► As the gear rotates together, the fluid enters the
IN port to the gears, where it trapped between the
gear teeth and carried around the pump case to
the OUT port.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
2) Gear type (cont).
► The fluid cannot flow between the gears because
of their closely meshed design, therefore it is
forced out through the OUT port.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
3) Gerotor type.
► A combination of internal and external gear pump.
► Consists of a housing containing an eccentric-shaped
stationary linear.
► Containing an internal gear rotor having 5 wide teeth of
short height and having 4 spur driving gear with narrow
teeth.
► The 4 tooth-spur gear is driven by an engine accessory
drive and as turns, it rotates the 5 internal gear rotors.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
3) Gerotor type (cont).
► As the gear and the rotor turns, the space between the
teeth gets larger on one side and smaller on the other.
► A plate with two crescent-shaped openings covers the
gear and the rotor and forms the inlet and outlet ports
of the pump.
► The opening located above the space that gets larger
as the gear and the rotor turn is the inlet side of the
pump and the opening above the space that gets
smaller as the teeth come into mesh is the outlet of the
pump.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
4) Piston type.
► Most widely used on modern aircraft.
► Uses on hydraulic system that requires a relatively
small volume of fluid under pressure of 2500 psi or
more often use fixed-angle, multiple-piston pumps.
► Consists of seven or nine axially-drilled holes in the
rotating cylinder block of the pump.
► Each hole contains a close fitting piston attached to a
drive plate by a ball jointed rod.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
4) Piston type (cont).
► The cylinder block and the piston are rotated as a unit
by a shaft that is driven from an engine accessory
drive.
► The housing is angled so that the piston on one side of
the cylinder block is at the bottom of their stroke while
the piston on the other side of the block is at the top of
the stroke.
► As the pump rotates ½ of a turn, half of the pistons
move from the top of their stroke to the bottom and the
piston on the other side of the block move from the
bottom of their stroke to the top.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
I. Constant Displacement pumps.
4) Piston type (cont).
► A valve plate that has two crescent-shaped
openings covers the ends of the cylinder. The
pump outlet port is above the pistons that are
moving up and the inlet port is above the pistons
that are moving down.
► As the piston move down in the cylinder block,
they pull fluid into the pump and as they move up,
they force the fluid out of the pump into the
system.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
II. Variable Displacement pumps.
1) Stratopower Demand/Axial piston type.
► A pump that does not move a constant amount of fluid
each revolution but only the amount of the system will
accept.
► By varying the pump out put, the system pressure can
be maintained within the desired range without the use
of regulators and relief valve.
► Variable-displacement pump can turn without any fluid
being forced into the system.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
II. Variable Displacement pumps.
1) Stratopower Demand/Axial piston type (cont).
► To prevent overheating, these pumps are usually
bypassing some fluid back to the reservoir so there will
always be some flow of fluid to cool the pump.
► An unloading valve of some sort is needed when
constant-displacement pumps is being used but the
same force used to control this valve may be used to
control the output of a variable-displacement pump
without no need for separate control valve.
► One of the more popular types of variable-
displacement pump used for high pressure aircraft is
the ‘Stratopower demand’ type pump.
System components
• HYDRAULIC PUMPS.
Powered pumps.
II. Variable Displacement pumps.
1) Stratopower Demand/Axial piston type (cont).
► This type of pump is consists of 9 axially orientated
cylinder and piston.
► The piston is driven up and down inside the cylinder by
a wedge-shaped drive cam and the piston press
against the cam with ball joint slippers.
► The physical stroke of the piston is the same
regardless of the amount of fluid demanded by the
system but the effective length of the stroke controls
the amount of fluid moved by the pump.
System components
• INTRODUCTION.
1) Incorporated two major sections, which is the power
section and the actuating section.
2) Power section – Section that provides for fluid flow,
regulates and limit pressure. This section also carries fluid
to the various selector valves in the system.
3) Actuating section – Section that contains the various
operating units such as wing flaps, landing gear, brakes,
boost system and steering mechanism. These units
operated are also known as the ‘subsystem’.
4) Through out the power section the system may either be
an ‘OPEN’ or ‘CLOSED’ and using an engine driven pump
or a pump driven by electric motors.
Aircraft Hydraulic system
• INTRODUCTIONS.
1) Is fluid power system that uses compressible air.
2) Usually used to powered aircraft instrument, cabin
pressurization, anti-icing/deicer boots and generally
for back-up system for landing gear, brakes, flaps
and other subsystem in the event of hydraulic failure.
3) The principles of pneumatic system is the same with
hydraulic but with one exception that is, air are
compressible and therefore the pressure in the
system can reduce gradually from the maximum
system pressure to zero pressure.
4) Air in the pneumatic system have to be kept clean by
means of filter and also be kept free from moisture
and oil droplet or vapor.
Aircraft PNEUMATIC system
• INTRODUCTIONS.
5) Therefore, liquid separators and chemical dryers
are incorporated in the system, which moisture
in pneumatic system will freeze in low
temperature at high altitudes and could cause
serious system malfunction.
6) An important feature that being possessed by
pneumatic system is that there is no need for
return line.
7) This is because after the compressed air has
served its purpose it usually being dumped
overboard which requires no additional tubing,
fitting and valves.
Aircraft PNEUMATIC system
• DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM.
1) Small leakage is hard to be detected.
2) In high pressure system, the system cannot be
recharge in-flight.
3) Does not allowed continuous operation/limited
operation by means of air supply.
4) Large volume of air to moved large components
(as air is compressible).
5) Not suitable for heavy or large working function.
PNEUMATIC PRESSURE system
• CONTROL VALVE.
1) A necessary part of a typical pneumatic
system.
2) Used to control the amount of air pressure in
operating a subsystem.
3) Consists of three port housing, two poppet
valves and a control lever with two lobes.
PNEUMATIC system components
• CHECK VALVE.
1) Used both in hydraulic and pneumatic system.
2) Only allows one direction of airflow only and prevents
the direction of the other direction.
3) In operation, air enter one port of the check valve,
compresses the light spring tension and forcing the
check valve to be open and allowing air to flow in the
other port.
4) If air enters in a reverse direction, air pressure closes
the valve, preventing a flow of air out the port.
5) Therefore, a pneumatic check valve is a one direction
flow control valve.
PNEUMATIC system components
• RESTRICTOR.
1) Classified as a control valve in pneumatic
system.
2) Consists of an orifice with a large inlets port
and a small outlet port.
3) The small outlet port reduces the rate of airflow
and the speed of operation of an actuating unit.
PNEUMATIC system components
• VARIABLE RESTRICTOR.
1) Another type of speed regulating unit in pneumatic
system.
2) Consists of an adjustable needle valve, which has
threads around the top and a point on the lower end.
3) Depending on the direction turned, the needle valve
moves the sharp point either into or out of a small
opening to decrease or increase the size of the
opening.
4) Since air that enters the inlet port must pass through
this opening before reaching the outlet port, this
adjustment also determines the rate of airflow through
the restrictor.
PNEUMATIC system components
• FILTER.
1) Is used to protect the system, against dirt and contaminants.
2) A micronic filter, consists of housing with two ports. A
replaceable filter cartridge and a relief valve.
3) Normally air enters the inlet and circulates around the
cellulose cartridge , then flow to the center of the cartridge
and out the outlet port.
4) If cartridge clogged, pressure forces the relief valve to open
and allows unfiltered air to flow out the outlet port.
5) A screen filter type, similar to micronic filter but has a
permanents wire screen filter.
6) A handle extends through the top of the housing and can be
used to clean the screen by rotating it against metal
scrapers.
PNEUMATIC system components
• DESICCANT/MOISTURE SEPERATOR.
1) In pneumatic system, compressed air will condense and will
freeze when the pressure of air is dropped for actuation.
2) For this reason, every bit of water must be removed from
the air.
3) Moisture separator in pneumatic system collects the water
that is in the air on a baffle and holds it until the system
shuts down.
4) When the inlet pressure to the separator drops below a
preset value, a drain valve open and all accumulated water
is blown overboard.
5) An electric heater built into the base of the separator unit
prevents the water from freezing.
6) About 98% of water traces is being removed by the moisture
separator.
PNEUMATIC system components
• DESICCANT/MOISTURE SEPERATOR
(cont).
1) Another 2% is being removed by desiccant or
chemical dryer.
2) Desiccant or chemical dryer is consists of
tubular housing with an inlet and outlet port
and contains a desiccant cartridge.
3) The cartridge is replaceable and consists of
dehydrating agent (MIL-D-3716) and
incorporates a bronze filter at each end.
4) Any moisture not removed by the separator will
be absorbed by the dehydrating agent.
PNEUMATIC system components
• SHUTTLE VALVE.
1) Installed to allow pneumatic sources to operate
from ground source.
2) The valve isolates the compressor when the
pressure from external is higher than the
compressor, which is when the engine is not
running.
3) Also used to provide an emergency pneumatic
backup for hydraulic operated landing gear or
brakes system in case of failure.
PNEUMATIC system
MAINTENANCE
1) Maintenance of pneumatic is consists of
servicing, trouble shooting, removal and
installation of components and operational
test.
2) Standards precaution in pneumatic system
maintenance are:
i. Air compressor lubrication oil should be checked
daily I.A.W manufacturer instruction.
ii. After oil is added, filler plug should be torque and
safety wire is properly installed.
iii. Pneumatic system should be purged periodically to
remove any contaminants, moisture or oil.
PNEUMATIC system
MAINTENANCE
2) Standards precaution in pneumatic system
maintenance are (cont):
iv. Components must be checked for highest standard
of cleanliness.
v. Removed components or lines must be fitted with
proper blank and should not be removed until the
parts are ready to be installed.
vi. Leak testing must be performed I.A.W manufacturer
specification.