Seasonal Affective

Disorder (SAD)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is
a type of depression that occurs at a
particular time of year, typically
during the fall and winter months
when there is less natural sunlight.
Symptoms
1. Loss of interest in activities once
enjoyed
2. Changes in appetite, particularly a
craving for carbohydrates
3. Weight gain
4. Fatigue or low energy
5. Difficulty concentrating
6. Irritability or agitation
7. Oversleeping
Causes
Reduced sunlight:

The decrease in sunlight during the fall and winter

months can disrupt the body's internal clock (circadian
rhythm) and lead to feelings of depression.

Imbalance of neurotransmitters:

Reduced sunlight can also disrupt the balance of

neurotransmitters such as serotonin and melatonin, which
play a role in regulating mood and sleep.
 Conti……
Genetics:
There may be a genetic predisposition to developing SAD, as it tends
to run in families.
Biological factors:
Other biological factors, such as changes in vitamin D levels, may
also contribute to SAD.
Treatment
Light therapy (phototherapy):
Regular exposure to bright artificial light, typically from a
light therapy box, can help alleviate symptoms of SAD by
mimicking natural sunlight.
Psychotherapy:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of talk
therapy can help individuals learn coping skills and challenge
negative thought patterns associated with SAD.
Medication:
Antidepressant medications, particularly selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be prescribed to help
alleviate symptoms of SAD.
Lifestyle changes:
Engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet,
getting adequate sleep, and spending time outdoors during
daylight hours can all help improve mood and reduce
symptoms of SAD.
Postpartum
Depression:
Postpartum depression is a type of
mood disorder that occurs after
childbirth, characterized by feelings of
sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion that
interfere with daily functioning.
 Symptoms
● Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or
hopelessness
● Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
● Changes in appetite or weight
● Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleep)
● Fatigue or loss of energy
● Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
● Difficulty bonding with the baby
● Irritability or anger
● Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
● Thoughts of harming oneself or the baby
Causes
Hormonal changes:

Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly a rapid

decrease in estrogen and progesterone after
childbirth, can contribute to postpartum depression.

Sleep deprivation:

The demands of caring for a newborn can lead to

sleep disturbances, which can exacerbate symptoms
of depression.
Conti…..

Stressful life events:

Factors such as a difficult pregnancy, childbirth

complications, or lack of social support can increase
the risk of developing postpartum depression.

Personal or family history of depression:

Women with a history of depression or a family

history of mood disorders may be at higher risk of
developing postpartum depression.
Treatment
Therapy:

Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy

(CBT) or interpersonal therapy, can help women
address negative thought patterns and develop coping
strategies to manage symptoms of postpartum
depression.

Medication:

Antidepressant medications, particularly SSRIs, may

be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms of
postpartum depression. It's essential to discuss the
risks and benefits of medication with a healthcare
provider, especially for women who are breastfeeding.
 Conti……

Support groups:

Participating in support groups for new mothers can

provide emotional support, validation, and practical
advice from others who have experienced postpartum
depression.

Self-care:

Engaging in self-care activities, such as getting adequate

rest, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and
spending time with supportive loved ones, can help
improve mood and overall well-being.