High and low

gradient streams

lo.6
  Slope and mass movement
• Sediment : the solid fragments or particles that are transported and
deposited by wind, water, or ice.
• Unconsolidated material: the sediment that is loosely arranged, or that has
particles that are not cemented together, either at the surface or at a depth ,
example :mud

Unconsolidated materials are far less stable than rock, however, are stable only
up to a maximum slope angle , as shown in fig.1
Unconsolidated materials cover solid rock (bedrock) in many places.
This includes places where glaciers have been (glaciated areas),
layers of soil (horizons), deserts, beaches, lakes, rivers, and sand dunes.

• lithification: the conversion of unconsolidated sediment into a coherent, solid

rock.

• Bedrock: the solid rock that is connected continuously down into Earth’s
crust, rather than existing as separate pieces or masses surrounded by
loose materials.
Solid bedrock is stable at almost any slope angle Fig.1
  Angle of repose

• It is the maximum slope or angle at which loose material remains stable, commonly
ranging between 30° and 35° on natural slopes.
If you add more sand to a pile of sand with sides already at the angle of repose, the
extra sand just slides down the sides. The angle cannot become any steeper without
the sides collapsing
  Mass Movement

It is the downslope movement of soil, sediment, or rock at

Earth’s surface by the pull of gravity.

The stability of a slope depends on a number of factors. The

kind and amount of vegetation is an important factor. The
sediment composition, texture, and moisture content are also
important. The underlying geology needs to be considered as
well. Under certain conditions, slopes can be modified to
allow for development
 Geology infographics

The rock cycle 01 Sedimentary

Mercury is the closest

planet to the Sun

Igneous 03 02 Metamorphic

Jupiter is the biggest Despite being red, Mars

planet of them all is a cold place
 Geology infographics
Types of rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

● Granite ● Sandstone ● Marble
● Scoria ● Limestone ● Slate
● Pumice ● Conglomerate ● Quartzite
● Obsidian ● Gypsum ● Gneiss
 Geology infographics
Entire organisms Part of organisms
Jupiter is a gas giant and 01 02 Neptune is the farthest
the biggest planet planet from the Sun

Embryos Footprints
Mercury is the closest 03 04 Despite being red, Mars
planet to the Sun is a cold place
 Geology infographics

Upper mantle Mantle Outer core

Mercury is the closest Mars is a cold place full Saturn is a gas giant and
planet to the Sun of iron oxide dust has several rings

01 02 03
 Geology infographics
Neptune is the farthest
20% Crust planet from the Sun

Jupiter is a gas giant and

10% Upper mantle the biggest planet

Mercury is the closest

40% Mantle planet to the Sun

Despite being red, Mars

30% Outer core is a cold place

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Geology infographics
Mantle
20% 01 Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Outer core
45% 02 Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all

Inner core
30% 03 Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
 Geology infographics
Crust
Venus has a nice name, 01
but it’s a very hot place
Upper mantle
02 Pluto is considered a
dwarf planet
Mantle
Mercury is the closest 03
planet to the Sun
Outer core
04 Despite being red, Mars is
a very cold place
Inner core
Jupiter is a gas giant and 05
the biggest planet
 Geology infographics
Quartz Dolomite Calcite Smectite
Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars Jupiter is a gas giant and Neptune is far away
planet to the Sun is a cold place the biggest planet from the Sun

20% 30% 55% 40%

Geology infographics
Eruption cloud
01 Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Subduction zone
02 Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all

Magma
03 Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
 Geology infographics

60 80 90
% % %
Sauconite
55 50 78 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in
% % % the Solar System

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 Geology infographics
Organic Topsoil
Jupiter is a gas giant and Neptune is the farthest
the biggest planet planet from the Sun

01 02

03 04

Subsoil Parent rock

Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars
planet to the Sun is a cold place
 Geology infographics
Quartz Dolomite Calcite Smectite
Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars Jupiter is a gas giant and Neptune is far away
planet to the Sun is a cold place the biggest planet from the Sun
 Geology infographics

Soil layers Topsoil A

Eluviation layer B

Mercury is the closest

planet to the Sun and Subsoil C
the smallest one in the
Solar System. This
planet's name has
nothing to do with the Regolith D
liquid metal

Bedrock E
 Geology infographics

01 02 03

Igneous rocks Erosion Sedimentation

Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars Neptune is the farthest
planet to the Sun is a cold place planet from the Sun
 Geology infographics

Ocean Ice shelf

Jupiter is a gas giant and 01 02 Neptune is the farthest
the biggest planet planet from the Sun

Iceberg Fracture
Mercury is the closest 03 04 Despite being red, Mars
planet to the Sun is a cold place
 Geology infographics
Sedimentary
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
02

01 03
Igneous Metamorphic
Jupiter is a gas giant and Venus has a beautiful
the biggest planet name, but it’s hot
Geology infographics

Eruption ● Jupiter is a gas giant and

the biggest planet
● Mercury is the closest
01 planet to the Sun

02 ● Neptune is the farthest

planet from the Sun
● Despite being red, Mars
Magma is a cold place
 Geology infographics
140

Tornado
Mercury is the closest planet to 35%
the Sun and the smallest in the
Solar System

Hurrican
eDespite being red, Mars is a
cold place. The planet is full of
75%
iron oxide dust

87
 Geology infographics
Andesite
01 Neptune is far away
from the Sun
90%
20%
Basalt
02 Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

60%
Diorite
03 Pluto is considered a
dwarf planet
 Geology infographics

Vs

A B

Pumice Obsidian
Jupiter is a gas giant and Venus is the second
the biggest planet planet from the Sun
 Geology infographics

Stage 3
Metamorphic
Earth is the third planet
Stage 2 from the Sun

Sediment
Jupiter is the biggest
Stage1 planet of them all

Igneous
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
 Geology infographics
Magma
04 Jupiter is a gas giant and
the biggest planet

01

Melting
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
02

Sedimentary rocks Crystallization

Despite being red, Mars Neptune is the farthest
03 is a cold place planet from the Sun
Geology infographics

Sedimentary
01 Neptune is the farthest 25%
planet from the Sun

Metamorphic
02 Despite being red, Mars 75%
is a cold place
 Geology infographics

01 Snow

02 Accumulation

03 Ice core

04 Annual layers

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in

the Solar System
 Geology infographics
01 03

Igneous 02 Metamorphic
Sedimentary

Mercury is the closest Venus is the second

planet to the Sun planet from the Sun
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
Geology infographics
Melting
01 Neptune is far away
from the Sun

Erosion
02 Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Crystallizati
03 on
Pluto is considered a
dwarf planet
 Geology infographics

30% 10%
Andesite Granite
Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars
planet to the Sun is a cold place

20% 40%
Obsidian Diorite
Earth is the third planet Saturn is a gas giant
from the Sun with several rings
 Made by
01 Mariam Ashraf

02 Mariam Hany

03 Karen safwat

04 Reem Hany

05 Salma Samir

06 Sama Sherif

07 Rofaida Yousry

08 Nada elSakka (1222542)