NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

Phases of NLP & Parsing

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 Syntactic analysis
• This method examines the structure of a sentence and performs
detailed analysis of the sentence and semantics of the
statement.
• In order to perform this, the system is expected to have
through knowledge of the grammar of the language.
• The basic unit of any language is sentence, made up of group
of words, having their own meanings and linked together to
present an idea or thought.
• Apart from having meanings, words fall under categories
called parts of speech.
• In English languages, there are eight different parts of speech.
They are nouns, pronoun, adjectives, verb, adverb,
prepositions, conjunction and interjections.
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 Stages/Phases/Tasks of NLP
• Phonological
• Morophological and lexical
• Syntactic
• Semantic
• Discourse integration
• Pragmatic

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 Syntactic user
stems
Analysis
parse Morphologic
tree al Analysis
Surface
form

Semantic
Analysis lexicon
Pragmatic
Analysis Perfor
m
Internal action
representat
Discourse Resolve
reference
i on Analysis s

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 Phases of NLP
• Phonological : This is knowledge which relates sounds to
the words we recognize. A phoneme is the smallest unit of
sound. Phones are aggregated into word sounds.
• Morophological: This is lexical knowledge which relates to
word consturctions from basic units called morphemes. A
morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning.
– for example, the consturction of friendly from the the
root friend and the suffix ly.
• Syntactic: This knowledge relates to how words are put
together or structured of form grammatically correct
sentences in the language. (it is done using parsing)

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Level of Knowledge used in Language
Understanding
• Semantic: This knowledge is concerned with the
meanings of words and phrases and how they combine to
form sentence meanings.
• Discourse integration : the meaning of an individual
sentence may depend on the sentences thar precede it and
may influence the meaning of the sentences that allow it.
• Pragmatic: This is high level knowledge which relates to
the use of senetences in different contexts and how the
context affects the meaning of the sentences.

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 Parsin
• Parsing is the processgof analying a sentence by taking it
apart word-by-word and determining its structure from its
constituent parts and subparts.
• Parsing -- the act of analyzing the grammaticality of an
utterance according to some specific grammar
– we read the words in some order (from left to right;
from right to left; or in random order) and analyzed
them one-by-one
• Each parse is a different method of analyzing some target
sentence according to some specified grammar

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 Parsing Process
Output
Input String Parser representation
structure

Lexicon

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 Lexicon
• The lexicon is a dictionary of words, where each word
contains some syntactic, semantic and possible some
pragmatic information.
• The information in the lexicon is needed to help determine
the function and meanings of the words in a sentences.
• Each entry in a lexicon will contain a root word called
head.

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Thank You